Introduction:

Hyperkalemia is a condition in which you have too much potassium in your blood. Most potassium in the body (98%) is found within cells and organs. Only a small amount circulates in the bloodstream. Potassium helps nerve and muscle cells, including the heart, function properly. Your kidneys usually maintain levels of potassium in the blood, but if you have kidney disease -- the most common cause of hyperkalemia -- potassium levels can build up. Medications or diet may also affect the amount of potassium in the blood. Hyperkalemia can be life threatening and must be treated promptly.

Signs and Symptoms:

Sometimes hyperkalemia has no symptoms. Other times you may experience the following:

• Irregular heartbeat
• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Tingling, numbness, or other unusual sensations
• Paralysis
• Difficulty breathing
• Nausea and vomiting

What Causes It?:

Hyperkalemia has many causes, including the following:

• Kidney disease
• Too much acid in the blood, as is sometimes seen in diabetes
• Diet high in potassium (bananas, oranges, tomatoes, high protein diets, salt substitutes, potassium supplements)
• Trauma, especially crush injuries or burns
• Addison's disease
• Certain medications, including beta-blockers

What to Expect at Your Provider's Office:

You may not be feeling any effects of hyperkalemia. Your health care provider may discover it during a routine blood test or electrocardiogram. Hyperkalemia can cause life threatening complications without warning. If you experience symptoms of hyperkalemia, you should call 911 or get to an emergency room. If you have severe hyperkalemia, you will be admitted to the hospital to stabilize your condition and for further tests. You will be given medications to take care of the immediate problem, but more tests may be needed to determine the underlying cause. If the medications don't lower the potassium level in your blood, dialysis may be recommended.

Treatment Options:

The medications that treat hyperkalemia are meant to stabilize heart function, promote the movement of potassium from the bloodstream back into the cells, and encourage the excretion of excess potassium. Hemodialysis is the most reliable tool for removing potassium from the body in patients with kidney failure.

Drug Therapies

• Calcium Chloride or Gluconate -- minimizes the effects of hyperkalemia on the heart
• Insulin -- promotes potassium shift from blood to cells
• Sodium bicarbonate -- promotes potassium shift from blood to cells
• Beta agonists -- promote potassium shift from blood to cells
• Diuretics -- cause potassium excretion from kidneys
• Binding resins -- promote potassium and sodium exchange in the gastrointestinal system

Complementary and Alternative Therapies

Alternative therapies can provide concurrent support and help treat the underlying cause once your condition has been stabilized. Make sure your medical providers are informed of any alternative therapies or supplements you may be using.

Nutrition

Following these nutritional tips may help reduce symptoms:

• Eliminate suspected food allergens, such as dairy (milk, cheese, and ice cream), wheat (gluten), soy, corn, preservatives, and chemical food additives. Your health care provider may want to test you for food allergies.
• Avoid foods that contain high amounts of potassium, including bananas, lentils, nuts, peaches, potatoes, salmon, tomatoes, watermelon.
• Avoid refined foods, such as white breads, pastas, and sugar.
• Eat fewer red meats and more lean meats, cold water fish, or beans for protein. Limit the intake of processed meats, such as fast foods and lunch meats.
• Use healthy cooking oils, such as olive oil or vegetable oil.
• Reduce or eliminate trans-fatty acids, found in commercially baked goods such as cookies, crackers, cakes, French fries, onion rings, donuts, processed foods, and margarine.
• Avoid alcohol and tobacco. Talk to your doctor before using products that contain caffeine products, such as teas and soft drinks. Caffeine impacts several conditions and medications.
• Drink more water. Dehydration can make hyperkalemia worse.
• Exercise, if possible, 30 minutes daily, 5 days a week.
• Avoid noni (Morinda citrifolia) juice, which is high in potassium.

Herbs

Herbs are generally a safe way to strengthen and tone the body's systems. As with any therapy, you should work with your health care provider to diagnose your problem before starting any treatment. You may use herbs may as dried extracts (capsules, powders, teas), glycerites (glycerine extracts), or tinctures (alcohol extracts). People with a history of alcoholism should not take tinctures. Unless otherwise indicated, make teas with 1 tsp. herb per cup of hot water. Steep covered 5 - 10 minutes for leaf or flowers, and 10 - 20 minutes for roots. Drink 2 - 4 cups per day. Tinctures may be used singly or in combination as noted. If you are pregnant or nursing, speak to your doctor before taking any herbal products.

Hyperkalemia should only be treated by trained medical specialists. If a patient wishes to use herbal therapies, they must first consult with a medical herbalist and all of their providers. Do not use herbs on your own to treat hyperkalemia.

• Avoid these herbs, as they can increase potassium levels:
  • Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
  • Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
  • Horsetail (Equisetum arvense)
  • Nettle (Urtica dioca)

Homeopathy

Homeopathy may be useful as a supportive therapy.

Acupuncture

Acupuncture may help support normal kidney function.

Massage

Swedish massage may help to stimulate the kidneys.

Following Up:

Your health care provider will probably ask to see you 2 - 3 days after you are discharged from the hospital to repeat the potassium tests, electrocardiogram, and check your kidney function. Your health care provider will review all the medications you are taking, and may recommend changes.

Special Considerations:

If you are on regular dialysis, keep strictly to your schedule to avoid hyperkalemia and other serious problems.

Alternative Names:

Potassium - excess in blood