Introduction:

Radiation damage to cells in the body can happen after a person receives radiation therapy to treat cancer. It can also happen if a person is exposed to radiation through x-ray imaging, nuclear power, or fallout from nuclear weapons. If severe enough, radiation damage may cause cancer, birth defects, and other serious health problems. Doctors try to protect people undergoing radiation therapy for cancer by using low doses, being precise about where the radiation is targeted, and minimizing side effects. Usually side effects go away after the treatment stops.

Signs and Symptoms:

Radiation damage can cause a number of symptoms. These are common side effects when a person undergoes radiation treatment for cancer:

• Hair loss
• Stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
• Low white blood cells (leucopenia)
• Red and itchy skin at the site of the radiation
• Sore mouth or mouth ulcers (oral mucositis)

Radiation sickness or radiation emergency happens after exposure to a large amount of radiation. Acute radiation sickness occurs within 24 hours of exposure. Chronic radiation syndrome is a range of symptoms occurring over a period of time. These symptoms can happen immediately or months or years after exposure to radiation:

• Radiation syndrome -- fatigue, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, fever, headache. With bleeding and complications affecting the digestive system, nervous system, heart, and lungs
• Central nervous system diseases
• Kidney, liver, or gastrointestinal problems
• Poor growth in children
• Skin conditions
• Pericarditis (inflammation of the sac around the heart)
• Lung infections or conditions, respiratory failure
• Vision problems, including cataracts
• Problems with the reproductive organs

What Causes It?:

Damage happens when radiation interacts with oxygen, causing certain molecules to form in the body. These molecules can damage or break strands of DNA in cells. The cells may die.

Who's Most At Risk?:

People who have been exposed to radiation and who also have the following conditions or characteristics are at risk for developing radiation damage:

• High dose of radiation exposure
• Young age at time of exposure
• Use of chemotherapy, antibiotics
• Exposure to radiation before birth (while in the womb)

What to Expect at Your Provider's Office:

If you have symptoms of radiation damage, you should see your doctor right away. A physical exam, lab tests, pathology tests, and imaging procedures such as barium radiography or colonoscopy may be performed.

Treatment Options:

Prevention

If you are receiving radiation treatment to treat cancer, your doctor will try to prevent or reduce the risk of radiation damage and radiation side effects. Your doctor may administer low-dose radiation, use chemicals to protect from radiation, and use special shields for other parts of your body. Some medications may help reduce side effects.

Treatment Plan

The treatment plan depends on the type of radiation damage. If a person is exposed to a high amount of radiation, they will need to be decontaminated and may need transfusions of fluids, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. If you have radiation side effects from cancer treatment, your doctor may be able to give you medications and ointments to reduce them.

Drug Therapies

Your doctor may prescribe a variety of medications, depending on your symptoms. To treat side effects from radiation during cancer treatment, your doctor may prescribe anti-nausea medications, oral rinses for your mouth, and hydrocortisone cream for your skin.

Surgical and Other Procedures

Surgery may be needed to stop more cell damage, or to graft healthy tissue onto a damaged area.

Complementary and Alternative Therapies

A comprehensive treatment plan for managing the effects of radiation may include a range of complementary and alternative therapies. If you are taking prescription medications or have pre-existing medical complications, talk to your health care provider before using complementary and alternative therapies.

If you are undergoing radiation therapy for cancer treatment, ask your oncologist before taking any supplement or vitamin. While some supplements may help, others may be harmful or interfere with certain cancer treatments. Make sure all your doctors know about all treatments you are considering.

Nutrition and Supplements

These nutritional tips may help reduce side effects from radiation therapy:

• Eat foods high in B-vitamins, calcium, and iron, such as almonds, beans, whole grains (if no allergy), dark leafy greens (such as spinach and kale), and sea vegetables.
• Eat cruciferous vegetables (such as broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower), for antioxidant support.
• Eat antioxidant foods, including fruits (such as blueberries, cherries, and tomatoes) and vegetables (such as squash and bell pepper).
• Avoid refined foods, such as white breads, pastas, and sugar.
• Eat fewer red meats and more lean meats, cold-water fish, tofu (soy, if no allergy) or beans for protein.
• Use healthy cooking oils, such as olive oil or vegetable oil.
• Reduce or eliminate trans fatty acids, found in commercially baked goods such as cookies, crackers, cakes, French fries, onion rings, donuts, processed foods, and margarine.

These supplements may also help:

• A multivitamin daily, containing the antioxidant vitamins A, C, E, the B-complex vitamins, and trace minerals such as magnesium, calcium, zinc and selenium.
• Probiotic supplement (containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus), 5 - 10 billion CFUs (colony forming units) a day, may help reduce diarrhea in people receiving radiation therapy for cancer in the pelvis or abdomen. Some acidophilus products require refrigeration - check labels carefully.
• Omega-3 fatty acids, such as fish oil, 1 - 2 capsules or 1 tablespoonful oil daily, to help decrease inflammation. Be careful if you are taking blood thinning medications like aspirin or warfarin (Coumadin) while taking fish oils, as fish oils may increase bleeding in sensitive individuals.
• Vitamin C, 500 - 1,000 mg daily, as an antioxidant. Higher dosages of vitamin C may be used. Lower dose if diarrhea develops.

Herbs

Herbs are generally available as standardized, dried extracts (pills, capsules, or tablets), teas, or tinctures/liquid extracts (alcohol extraction, unless otherwise noted). Mix liquid extracts with your favorite beverage. Dose for teas is 1 - 2 heaping teaspoonfuls per cup of water, steeped for 10 - 15 minutes (roots need longer).

If you are undergoing radiation therapy for cancer, ask your oncologist before taking any herb.

• Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) standardized extract, 80 - 200 mg one to three times a day, may offer some protection from radiation damage, although more research is needed.
• Green tea (Camellia sinensis) standardized extract, 250 - 500 mg daily, for antioxidant effects. You may use caffeine-free products. You can also prepare teas from the leaf.
• Panax ginseng (Panax ginseng) standardized extract, 100 - 200 mg twice daily, may offer some protection from radiation, although more research is needed. Some studies seems to show that ginseng may reduce fatigue, which is a common side effect of radiation therapy. Ginseng may interact with a number of medications, so ask your doctor before taking it. You should not take ginseng for more than 3 months. If you have diabetes, heart disease, an autoimmune disease, insomnia, or schizophrenia, you should avoid ginseng.
• Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) standardized extract, 400 mg daily, may offer some protection from radiation, although more research is needed. You can also prepare teas from the root. Holy basil may increase the risk of bleeding if you take blood-thinning medications such as warfarin (Coumadin) or aspirin.
• Chamomile oral rinse (Kamillosan), used 3 - 4 times daily, for mouth soreness or ulcers due to radiation therapy.
• Calendula (Calendula officinalis) topical cream, apply externally to irritated skin 2 - 3 times daily. One study of women undergoing radiation therapy for breast cancer found that using calendula ointment at least two times a day reduced skin irritation, pain, and redness.
• Aloe vera (Aloe vera) topical gel or cream, applied externally to irritated skin 2 - 3 times daily. Studies are mixed about whether aloe helps reduce skin irritation and pain from radiation.

Homeopathy

Radium bromatum is specific for radiation poisoning, especially followed by arthritic complaints. Acute dose is three to five pellets of 12X to 30C every 1 - 4 hours until symptoms are relieved.

Prognosis/Possible Complications:

The prognosis depends on the level of radiation exposure, how quickly the person can be treated, and how detailed the follow-up is. Long-term complications may include cancer, liver failure, infertility, and thickening and scarring of lung, liver, and kidney tissue.