Introduction:

The temporomandibular joints (TMJ) connect your lower jaw to your skull. There are two matching joints -- one on each side of your head, just in front of your ears. They let your jaw move up and down and from side to side. The abbreviation "TMJ" refers to the joint but is often used to refer to any problems with the joints. Such problems include popping sounds in the jaw, not being able to completely open the mouth, jaw pain, headaches, earaches, toothaches, and other types of facial pain. Most people with TMJ problems have pain that comes and goes, but some have chronic (long-term) pain.

Signs and Symptoms:

TMJ problems often cause these symptoms:

• Pain, particularly in the chewing muscles or jaw joint or an ache around your ear
• Limited movement or locking of the jaw
• Pain in the face, neck, or shoulders, or near the ear
• Clicking, popping, or grating sounds when opening your mouth
• Trouble chewing
• Headache
• A sudden change in the way the upper and lower teeth fit together
• Also, sometimes earaches, dizziness, and hearing problems

What Causes It?:

Sometimes TMJ dysfunction can be caused by an injury, such as a heavy blow, to the jaw or temporomandibular joint. But in other cases there may not be a clear cause. Other possible causes include:

• A bad bite, called malocclusion
• Orthodontic treatment, such as braces and the use of headgear
• Wearing away of the disk or cartilage in the joint
• Stress or anxiety. People with TMJ dysfunction often clench or grind their teeth (bruxism) at night, which can tire the jaw muscles and lead to pain.

Who's Most At Risk?:

The risk for TMJ problems may be higher with these factors:

• Gender -- more women than men seek treatment
• Age -- people ages 30 - 50 are most often affected
• Grinding teeth, clenching jaw
• Malocclusion (bad bite)
• High stress levels

What to Expect at Your Provider's Office:

If you have symptoms of TMJ dysfunction, see your doctor or dentist. They can make a diagnosis and help determine which treatment will work best for you.

Your health care provider will check muscles in the area of the TMJ, look for asymmetry or inflammation in your face, listen for joint clicking or scraping sounds, test the range of motion in your jaw, and look at your teeth for evidence of jaw clenching or teeth grinding. If you're having any neurological symptoms, such as numbness, your health care provider will give you a neurological examination. An x-ray, computerized tomography (CT) scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan may be used to look for degenerative disease or disk problems.

Treatment Options:

Prevention

Reducing stress and keeping yourself from grinding your teeth or clenching your jaw may help prevent TMJ dysfunction or lessen the symptoms.

Treatment Plan

In many cases, TMJ dysfunction can be treated with self-care strategies. Your doctor may ask you to change your eating habits -- to cut food into small pieces, avoid too much chewing, stop chewing gum -- and give you exercises that stretch the muscles around your jaw. Your doctor may also recommend:

If your bite is out of alignment, your dentist may suggest you wear a biteplate over your teeth to help bring your upper and lower jaw into alignment.

If you grind your teeth in your sleep, you may be asked to wear a night guard over your teeth.

If stress is causing you to clench your jaw, your doctor may suggest stress reduction techniques or cognitive behavioral therapy that can help you manage anxiety and tension.

Drug Therapies

Your doctor may recommend any of the following medications:

• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) -- to relieve pain. These drugs include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and naproxen (Aleve).
• Minor tranquilizers or muscle relaxants at bedtime to reduce spasms and pain
• Injections of a local anesthetic
• Corticosteroid injections, for severe cases

Surgical and Other Procedures

In some cases, removing some fluid from the joint may help reduce pain, especially for people whose jaws lock. When other measures have failed, surgery may be needed to repair or take out the disk between the temporal bone and mandible (jaw).

Complementary and Alternative Therapies

A comprehensive treatment plan for TMJ dysfunction may include a range of complementary and alternative therapies. Treatments including some physical medicine may help.

Nutrition and Supplements

The following nutritional tips may help prevent or reduce symptoms of TMJ dysfunction:

• Eat soft foods high in flavonoids, such as cooked fruits and vegetables. Flavonoids are plant-based antioxidants that may help decrease joint pain.
• Avoid saturated fats, fried foods, and caffeine. These foods may increase inflammation.
• Don' t chew gum.

Some supplements that may help:

• Glucosamine (500 mg three times per day) may reduce pain and help rebuild cartilage in the joint, which helps improve range of motion. Some studies show that glucosamine helps reduce pain in people with arthritis, which involves painful joints. Glucosamine is often combined with chondroitin sulfate (400 mg three times per day). Glucosamine may increase the blood-thinning effects of medications like warfarin (Coumadin) and aspirin. Ask your doctor before taking glucosamine if you also take blood-thinning medications.
• Vitamin C (500 mg two times per day) is also used by the body to make cartilage. It may improve range of motion in your joints, including your jaw, although there are no scientific studies on vitamin C for TMJ problems.
• Calcium (250 mg two times per day) and magnesium (125 mg two times per day) are sometimes suggested to help the jaw muscle relax, although there are no scientific studies using them for TMJ problems. Magnesium interacts with several medications, herbs, and supplements, so be sure to tell your doctor before you take it.

Herbs

The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease. Herbs, however, can trigger side effects and can interact with other herbs, supplements, or medications. For these reasons, take herbs with care, under the supervision of a health care provider.

Cramp bark (Viburnum opulus) and lobelia (Lobelia inflata) may help reduce muscle spasms, although there are no scientific studies using them for TMJ problems. Rub 5 drops tincture of each herb into joint. Use on the skin only and do not apply to broken skin.

Homeopathy

Although few studies have examined the effectiveness of specific homeopathic therapies, professional homeopaths may consider the following remedies for the treatment of TMJ dysfunction based on their knowledge and experience. Before prescribing a remedy, homeopaths take into account a person's constitutional type -- your physical, emotional, and psychological makeup. An experienced homeopath assesses all of these factors when determining the most appropriate treatment for each individual.

• Causticum -- for burning pains
• Hypericum perforatum -- for sharp shooting pains
• Ignatia-- for tension in the jaw
• Kalmia -- for face pain, especially with other joint pains or arthritis
• Magnesia phosphorica-- for muscle cramps
• Rhus toxicodendron -- for pains that feel better in the morning and in dry weather, and worse after movement or in wet weather
• Ruta graveolens -- for pains from overuse or injury

Physical Medicine

Contrast hydrotherapy -- alternating hot- and cold-water applications – may lower inflammation, provide pain relief, and speed healing. Use hot packs and ice wrapped in a clean, soft cloth and apply to area. Alternate 3 minutes hot with 1 minute cold. Repeat three times for one set. Do two to five sets per day.

Acupuncture

Very evidence suggests acupuncture can treat TMJ dysfunction. Several well-designed trials found that acupuncture can help provide long-term pain relief for TMJ problems. In treating TMJ dysfunction, acupuncturists often find a deficiency of qi in the liver meridian and an excess of qi in the gallbladder meridian. Moxibustion (a technique in which the herb mugwort is burned over specific acupuncture points) may enhance the therapy.

Chiropractic

No well-designed studies have looked at the effect of chiropractic on people with TMJ dysfunction. However, chiropractors and some patients report that manipulation of the joint and nearby areas in the upper spine may improve TMJ symptoms. In these cases, chiropractors believe that manipulation helps the TMJ to move better (increases the range of motion).

Craniosacral Therapy

This therapy is a very gentle form of body work in which a practitioner uses their hands to get rid of restrictions in the craniosacral system, the fluid and membranes surrounding the spine and brain. Although studies are few, some people say they feel better after craniosacral therapy. Because there is no single agency that certifies practitioners in this therapy, ask your provider about their training and experience with TMJ problems. You can interview several practitioners before deciding which one is right for you.

Massage

Some types of massage techniques and chiropractic manipulation may help decrease muscle spasms, provide pain relief, and prevent symptoms from coming back.

Biofeedback

Biofeedback teaches you how to reduce muscle tension through relaxation and visualization techniques. At first, sensors are placed on your jaw, and a machine measures and shows the amount of tension in your muscles. Using relaxation and visualization techniques, you learn to reduce the amount of tension around your jaw while the machine provides instant feedback so you can see how you are doing. Once you have mastered the technique, you can do the relaxation and visualization techniques anywhere, without the machine.

Improving posture

Two types of movement therapy can sometimes help treat TMJ dysfunction: the Alexander technique and the Feldenkrais method.

The Alexander technique teaches you how to properly align your head, neck, and spine, and move your body. It can help relieve tension in your head and jaw muscles, which may reduce the symptoms of TMJ dysfunction.

The Feldenkrais method teaches you to recognize bad posture habits and movements that cause your body to tense. It is a gentle therapy aimed at making you more aware of how your body moves, and helping you develop an inner awareness of your body. Feldenkrais is popular with dancers and musicians, who often do repetitive motions that can lead to overuse injuries.

Prognosis and Possible Complications:

TMJ dysfunction is treated successfully in 75 percent of people who follow a treatment plan with multiple treatments. In rare cases, long-term teeth clenching or grinding, injury, infection, or connective tissue disease may cause degenerative joint disease or arthritis. If you experience severe grinding, a nighttime bite guard worn inside your mouth may help.

Following Up:

You may need to see your health care provider regularly to ensure your prescribed therapies are working for you.

Alternative Names:

TMJ