Introduction:

Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), sometimes called "mini-strokes," happens when a blood clot temporarily reduces blood flow to the brain. Symptoms usually last only 10 - 15 minutes and clear up within 24 hours, with no lasting damage. But having a TIA puts you at risk for a stroke. TIAs sometimes happen before strokes, and they are considered a warning sign of stroke. If you have symptoms of a TIA, you should see your doctor immediately.

Signs and Symptoms:

A person may have the following signs and symptoms during a TIA:

• Blurred vision in both eyes, brief blindness, or double vision
• Slurred or garbled speech
• Weakness, sometimes on only one side of the body
• Vertigo (a whirling or spinning feeling)
• Strange sensations, such as burning or tingling
• Trouble with coordination and balance
• Loss of consciousness
• Temporary memory problems
• Headache
• Confusion

What Causes It?:

TIAs are commonly caused by a clot that blocks blood flow. Plaque, often called atherosclerosis, can collect in your arteries, narrowing the space blood flows through or causing a clot to develop. Some other conditions that can cause TIAs include:

• A weakened, bulging heart wall (ventricular aneurysm)
• A rapid, irregular heartbeat (atrial fibrillation)
• Narrowing of the main artery in your neck, the carotid artery
• Blood clotting problems

Who's Most At Risk?:

These characteristics increase your risk for TIA:

• Over 55 years of age
• Male
• Family history of TIA
• African-American or Japanese American
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Heart disease
• History of stroke
• Diabetes
• Smoking
• Heavy alcohol consumption
• Lack of regular physical exercise
• Obesity
• Sleep apnea
• Hypothyroidism

What to Expect at Your Provider's Office:

If you have symptoms of TIA, see your health care provider right away -- do not wait for your symptoms to get better. Your health care provider will ask about your symptoms, examine you, and may do tests, such as blood tests, computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of your head, or ultrasound of the blood vessels to your brain. If the ultrasound shows some blockage, your doctor may consider a test called an angiogram to view the blood vessels more clearly. These tests will help your health care provider determine whether you had a TIA or another event and what the cause may have been.

Treatment Options:

Prevention

You can take the following steps to help prevent TIA:

• Don't smoke.
• Exercise regularly, eat a healthy diet with lots of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and stay at a healthy weight.
• Don't drink alcohol excessively. Limit yourself to no more than one drink a day if you are a woman, two drinks a day if you are a man.
• Work with your health care provider to control high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or diabetes.
• Work with your health care provider to treat carotid artery disease, coronary artery disease, irregular heartbeat, congestive heart failure, or heart valve disease.
• Sleep for 6 - 9 hours each night.

Treatment Plan

Treatment will depend on your signs and symptoms, exams, and tests. Your health care provider may admit you to the hospital to evaluate your condition more thoroughly and to treat you if your condition becomes worse. You may need oxygen to help you breathe and to lessen the effects of blocked blood flow.

Drug Therapies

To help prevent TIA, stroke, or heart attack, your health care provider may prescribe antiplatelet agents, which are drugs that prevent platelets from clumping, or anticoagulants (blood thinners), which are drugs that prevent blood from clotting. Many drugs, herbs, and dietary supplements interact with these types of medications. Talk to your doctor and pharmacist. These drugs include:

• Low-dose aspirin
• Ticlopidine (Ticlid)
• Clopidogrel (Plavix)
• Dipyridamole and aspirin (Aggrenox)
• Warfarin (Coumadin)

Surgical and Other Procedures

If your carotid (neck) artery is narrowed, your health care provider may recommend a type of surgery called carotid endarterectomy to clean deposits from inside the artery. While examining your carotid artery, your provider may perform angioplasty, where a balloon or a tube-like structure called a stent is inserted into the artery to open it.

Complementary and Alternative Therapies

Diet is very important in preventing and treating blood vessel (vascular) diseases. Some nutrients and herbs may protect against injury from reduced blood flow and damage from oxidation, a process that happens as the body ages and damages cells, tissue, and DNA.

If you have had a TIA or are at risk for one, ask your doctor before taking any herbs or supplements. This is especially important if you take any drugs to prevent blood clots.

Nutrition and Supplements

Following these tips for a healthy diet and lifestyle may help lower your risk of TIA and stroke:

• Eat antioxidant foods, including fruits (such as blueberries, cherries, and tomatoes), and vegetables (such as squash and bell peppers). Studies show that people who eat diets high in fruits and vegetables have a lower risk of stroke.
• Eat foods high in B-vitamins and potassium, such as almonds, beans, whole grains (if no allergy is present), green leafy vegetables (such as spinach and kale), papayas, cantaloupe, and bananas.
• Eat more high-fiber foods, including beans, oats, root vegetables (such as potatoes and yams), and psyllium seed. One study found that women who ate more than one whole grain food each day had a lower risk of stroke than women who ate almost no whole grains.
• Avoid refined foods, such as white breads, pastas, and sugar.
• Eat fewer red meats and more lean meats, cold-water fish, tofu (soy, if no allergy is present), or beans for protein.
• Use healthy cooking oils, such as olive oil or vegetable oil.
• Reduce or eliminate trans-fatty acids, found in commercially baked goods such as cookies, crackers, cakes, French fries, onion rings, donuts, processed foods, and margarine.
• Avoid caffeine and tobacco.
• Lower your salt intake.
• Drink 6 - 8 glasses of filtered water daily.
• Exercise at least 30 minutes daily, 5 days a week.

These supplements may also help reduce your risk of stroke:

• A multivitamin daily, containing the antioxidant vitamins A, C, E, the B-complex vitamins, and trace minerals, such as magnesium, calcium, zinc and selenium.
• Magnesium citrate, 200 - 400 mg daily, for heart health.
• Omega-3 fatty acids, such as fish oil, 1 - 2 capsules or 1 tablespoon of oil 2 - 3 times daily, to help decrease inflammation, and for heart health. Cold-water fish, such as salmon or halibut, are good sources. Several studies suggest that eating more broiled or baked fish may help prevent stroke. Omega-3 fatty acids increase the risk of bleeding, which can be dangerous for someone taking blood-thinners such as aspirin or warfarin (Coumadin). If you are taking blood-thinning medications, talk to your doctor before taking omega-3 fatty acids. Overly thin blood can increase the risk of TIAs.
• Vitamin C, 500 - 1,000 mg 1 - 3 times daily, as an antioxidant, and for blood vessel support. Lower levels of vitamin C are associated with greater risk for stroke, although studies so far haven' t found that taking vitamin C supplements lowers the risk for stroke.

Herbs

Herbs are generally a safe way to strengthen and tone the body's systems. As with any therapy, you should work with your health care provider to diagnose your problem before starting any treatment. You may use herbs as dried extracts (capsules, powders, teas), glycerites (glycerine extracts), or tinctures (alcohol extracts). Unless otherwise indicated, make teas with 1 tsp. herb per cup of hot water. Steep covered 5 - 10 minutes for leaf or flowers, and 10 - 20 minutes for roots. Drink 2 - 4 cups per day. You may use tinctures alone or in combination as noted.

• Green tea (Camellia sinensis) standardized extract, 250 - 500 mg daily, for antioxidant and heart protective effects. Use caffeine-free products. You may also prepare teas from the leaf of this herb.
• Grape seed (Vitis vinifera) standardized extract, 100 - 200 mg 3 times daily, may help reduce the risk of heart disease and atherosclerosis. Grape seed may increase the risk of bleeding, which can be dangerous for someone taking blood-thinners such as aspirin or warfarin (Coumadin). If you are taking blood-thinning medications, talk to your doctor before taking grape seed.
• Policosanol (from sugar cane wax), 10 - 40 mg daily, for cholesterol and blood vessel protection. Policosanol may increase the risk of bleeding, which can be dangerous for someone taking blood-thinners such as aspirin or warfarin (Coumadin). If you are taking blood-thinning medications, talk to your doctor before taking policosanol.
• Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) standardized extract, 40 - 80 mg 3 times daily, for antioxidant and blood vessel support. Some poorly designed studies suggest that people who take ginkgo after a stroke show more improvement than those who don' t, but one high-quality study found no difference between ginkgo and placebo. If you are taking blood-thinning medications, talk to your doctor before taking ginkgo. Ginkgo increases the risk of bleeding, which can be dangerous for someone taking blood-thinners such as aspirin or warfarin (Coumadin). If you are taking blood-thinning medications, talk to your doctor before taking ginkgo.
• Garlic (Allium sativum), standardized extract, 400 mg 2 - 3 times daily, may slightly reduce high blood pressure and lower risk of atherosclerosis, which can cause TIAs. Garlic may increase the risk of bleeding, which can be dangerous for someone taking blood-thinners such as aspirin or warfarin (Coumadin). If you are taking blood-thinning medications, talk to your doctor before taking garlic.

Homeopathy

Scientific literature does not support the use of homeopathy for TIAs. An experienced homeopath would consider your individual case and may recommend treatments to address both your underlying condition and any current symptoms.

Prognosis/Possible Complications:

The shorter the amount of time between TIAs, the more likely you are to have a stroke. This seems to be the most important predictor of stroke risk. Narrowing of the carotid arteries also indicates risk of a stroke. How long symptoms last doesn' t seem to be connected to stroke risk.

TIAs are a warning sign of stroke. But more people with TIA die from heart attack than stroke. If you have a stroke and are not treated right away, you may be more likely to have complications, such as pneumonia, hypothermia, dehydration, or serious skeletal muscle problems. Damage to the brain may lead to breathing problems. Bleeding or swelling in the head may occur days after a stroke. Multiple strokes increase the risk of seizure, blood clots to the legs or lungs, and impaired memory or judgment (dementia).

Following Up:

Follow your health care provider's advice on getting checkups after a TIA to prevent stroke and heart attack. About one-third of people who have a TIA will have an acute stroke at some time in the future. Half of these strokes occur within a year, and 20% happen within 5 months.

Alternative Names:

Stroke - transient; TIAs