Introduction:

Urethritis is an infection and inflammation of the lining of the urethra, the narrow tube that carries urine out of the body. In men, the urethra also carries semen. Urethritis is caused by bacteria and may affect the bladder, prostate, and reproductive organs. It occurs in males and females of all ages. Females, however, are at higher risk.

Signs and Symptoms:

There may be no symptoms of urethritis, particularly in women. When there are, symptoms include the following:

In men:

• Burning during urination
• Pus or whitish mucus discharge from the penis
• Burning or itching around the penile opening
• Blood in the urine or semen

In women:

• Abdominal pain
• Painful urination
• Unusual vaginal discharge
• Fever and chills
• Frequent, urgent urination

What Causes It?:

• Bacteria and other organisms entering the urethra
• Bruising during sexual intercourse (in women)
• Infection reaching the urethra from the prostate gland or through the penis opening (in men)
• Bacterial infection after you have taken a course of antibiotics
• Reiter syndrome
• Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), such as chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea, Herpes Simplex Virus, or HIV and AIDS

What to Expect at Your Provider's Office:

Your health care provider will examine your genitals, perform laboratory tests on a urine sample, and take a specimen of mucus from inside the urethra and, in women, the vagina.

Treatment Options:

• Your health care provider may prescribe antibiotics to eliminate the organisms causing the infection.
• All sex partners should be treated.
• Sexual abstinence is recommended until treatment is completed, as disease can remain active even after symptoms have disappeared.

Prevention

• Limit the number of sexual partners.
• Always use condoms.
• If you experience symptoms or suspect infections, seek treatment immediately and notify all sexual partners.
• Practice good personal hygiene.

Drug Therapies

Depending on the cause of the infection, a physician may prescribe one of the following treatments:

• Tetracycline, 500 mg 4 times a day, for 7 days.
• Erythromycin, 500 mg 4 times a day, for 7 days (preferred in pregnancy).
• Ceftriaxone, 250 mg once a day.
• Ofloxacin, 400 mg once a day.
• Ciprofloxacin, 500 mg once a day.
• Doxycycline, 100 mg twice a day, for 10 days.
• Metronidazole, 2 g orally once a day (not to be used during pregnancy).
• Clindamycin, 300 mg orally twice a day, for 7 days.
• Acyclovir, 400 mg orally 3 times a day, for 10 days.
• Famciclovir, 250 - 500 mg orally twice a day, for 10 days.
• Valacyclovir, 1,000 mg orally twice a day, for 10 days.

Complementary and Alternative Therapies

Nutrition, herbs, and homeopathic remedies are useful in fighting infection, relieving pain, and strengthening the urinary system. Always tell your health care provider about the herbs and supplements you are using.

Nutrition and Supplements

Following these nutritional tips may help reduce symptoms:

• Try to eliminate potential food allergens, including dairy, wheat (gluten), corn, preservatives, and food additives. Your health care provider may want to test for food sensitivities.
• Eat antioxidant rich foods, including fruits (such as blueberries, cherries, and tomatoes), and vegetables (such as squash and bell peppers).
• Avoid refined foods such as white breads, pastas, and sugar.
• Eat fewer red meats and more lean meats, cold water fish, tofu (soy, if no allergy is present), or beans for protein.
• Use healthy cooking oils, such as olive oil or vegetable oil.
• Reduce or eliminate trans fatty acids, found in commercially baked goods such as cookies, crackers, cakes, French fries, onion rings, donuts, processed foods, and margarine.
• Avoid coffee and other stimulants, alcohol, and tobacco.
• Drink 6 - 8 glasses of filtered water daily.
• Exercise at least 30 minutes daily, 5 days a week.

You may address nutritional deficiencies with the following supplements:

• A multivitamin daily, containing the antioxidant vitamins A, C, D, E, the B vitamins and trace minerals, such as magnesium, calcium, zinc, and selenium.
• Probiotic supplement (containing Lactobacillus acidophilus), 5 - 10 billion CFUs (colony forming units) a day, for maintenance of gastrointestinal and immune health. Refrigerate probiotic supplements for best results.
• Omega-3 fatty acids, such as fish oil, 1 - 2 capsules or 1 tablespoonful oil 1 - 2 times daily, to help decrease inflammation and improve immunity. Cold-water fish, such as salmon or halibut, are good sources. Fish oil supplements can increase the effects of certain blood thinning medications.
• L-theanine, 200 mg 1 - 3 times daily, for nervous system support.
• Acetyl-L-carnitine, 500 mg daily, for antioxidant and muscle protective activity.
• Grapefruit seed extract (Citrus paradisi), 100 mg capsule, or 5 - 10 drops (in favorite beverage) 3 times daily, for antibacterial or antifungal activity and immunity.
• Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), 3,000 mg twice a day, to help decrease inflammation.

You may use natural hormone replacement therapy for chronic urethritis. Check with your health care provider.

Herbs

Herbs are generally a safe way to strengthen and tone the body's systems. As with any therapy, you should work with your health care provider to diagnose your problem before starting treatment. You may use herbs as dried extracts (capsules, powders, teas), glycerites (glycerine extracts), or tinctures (alcohol extracts). Unless otherwise indicated, make teas with 1 tsp. herb per cup of hot water. Steep covered 5 - 10 minutes for leaf or flowers, and 10 - 20 minutes for roots. Drink 2 - 4 cups per day. You may use tinctures alone or in combination as noted.

• Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) standardized extract, 300 - 400 mg daily, for kidney health. You may also drink 8 - 16 ounces of unsweetened cranberry juice daily.
• Green tea (Camellia sinensis) standardized extract, 250 - 500 mg daily, for antioxidant, anticancer, and immune effects. Use caffeine free products. You may also prepare teas from the leaf of this herb.
• Cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa) standardized extract, 20 mg 3 times a day, for anticancer, immune, and antibacterial or antifungal activity. Cat's claw can interact with medications, so check with your doctor if you are taking medications of any kind.
• Uva-ursi (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ) standardized extract, 250 - 500 mg 3 times daily for no more than 4 days. You may also prepare teas from the leaf of this herb. Uva-ursi can interfere with the mediciation Lithium. It can also have a blood thinning effect of the retina that may be an issue for people who already experience retinal thinning.
• Bromelain (Ananus comosus) standardized, 40 mg 3 times daily, for pain and inflammation. Bromelain can increase the blood thinning effect of certain medications, including aspirin and Coumadin. Speak with your doctor.

Homeopathy

Some of the most common remedies used for urethritis are listed below. Usually, the dose is 3 - 5 pellets of a 12X to 30C remedy every 1 - 4 hours until your symptoms get better.

• Staphysagria for urinary infections associated with sexual intercourse
• Apis mellifica for stinging pains that are made worse by warmth
• Cantharis for intolerable urging with "scalding" urine
• Sarsaparilla for burning after urination

Acupuncture

Acupuncture may be helpful in enhancing your body's immune function, overall urogenital health, and for the pain of urethritis.

Following Up:

If your urethritis was caused by a sexually transmitted disease, your sexual partners may need to be treated as well. Possible complications for men included cystitis, epididymitis, and prostatitis. Possible complications for women include cystitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, fertility problems, and other gynecological problems.

Special Considerations:

STDs can cause permanent damage to reproductive organs and infertility in both sexes. They also can cause difficulties during pregnancy, premature delivery, low birth weight, and infections in newborns. 

Alternative Names:

Urethral inflammation