• Home

Home > Medical Reference > Encyclopedia (English)

Toggle: English / Spanish

Addison’s disease

• Overview
• Symptoms
• Treatment

Definition:

Addison's disease is a hormone deficiency (not enough hormone) caused by damage to the outer layer of the adrenal gland (the part known as the adrenal cortex).

Alternative Names:

Adrenocortical hypofunction; Chronic adrenocortical insufficiency; Primary adrenal insufficiency

Causes, incidence, and risk factors:

The adrenal glands are small hormone-secreting organs located on top of each kidney. They consist of the outer portion (called the cortex) and the inner portion (called the medulla). The cortex produces 3 types of hormones: glucocorticoid hormones, mineralocorticoid hormones, and sex hormones.

• The glucocorticoid hormones (such as cortisol) maintain glucose (sugar) control, suppress (decrease) immune response , and help the body respond to stress.
• The mineralocorticoid hormones (such as aldosterone) regulate sodium and potassium balance.
• The sex hormones, androgens (male) and estrogens (female) affect sexual development and reproduction.

Addison's disease results from damage to the adrenal cortex. The damage causes decreased production of the hormones produced by the cortex. This damage may be caused by the following:

• The immune system mistakenly attacking the gland (autoimmune disease)
• Infections such as tuberculosis , HIV, or fungal infections
• Hemorrhage, blood loss
• Tumors
• Use of blood-thinning drugs (anticoagulants)

Risk factors for the autoimmune type of Addison's disease include other autoimmune diseases :

• Type I diabetes
• Hypoparathyroidism
• Hypopituitarism
• Pernicious anemia
• Testicular dysfunction
• Graves' disease
• Chronic thyroiditis
• Dermatis herpetiformis
• Vitiligo
• Myasthenia gravis

These may be caused by certain genetic defects.

• Review Date: 8/8/2006
• Reviewed By: Robert Hurd, MD, Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network

A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation HealthCare Commission (www.urac.org). URAC's accreditation program is the first of its kind, requiring compliance with 53 standards of quality and accountability, verified by independent audit. A.D.A.M. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. Learn more about A.D.A.M.'s editorial process . A.D.A.M. is also a founding member of Hi-Ethics (www.hiethics.com) and subscribes to the principles of the Health on the Net Foundation (www.hon.ch).

The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Copyright 1997-2007 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.