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Renal calculi; Nephrolithiasis; Stones - kidney
The main symptom is severe pain that starts suddenly and may go away suddenly:
Other symptoms can include:
Pain can be severe enough to need narcotic pain relievers. The belly area (abdomen) or back might feel tender to the touch.
Tests for kidney stones include:
Stones or a blockage of the ureter can be seen on:
Tests may show high levels of calcium, oxylate, or uric acid in the urine or blood.
Cameron MA, Sakhaee K. Uric acid nephrolithiasis. Urol Clin North Am. 2007;34(3):335-346.
Chandhoke PS. Evaluation of the recurrent stone former. Urol Clin North Am. 2007; 34(3):315-322.
Finkielstein VA. Strategies for preventing calcium oxalate stones. CMAJ. 2006;174(10):1407-1409.
Pietrow PK, Preminger GM. Evaluation and medical management of urinary lithiasis. In: Wein AJ, ed. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 43.
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