Definition of Tracheitis:

Tracheitis is a bacterial infection of the windpipe (trachea).

Causes, incidence, and risk factors:

Bacterial tracheitis is most often caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. It frequently follows a recent viral upper respiratory infection. It affects mostly young children, possibly because their small trachea is easily blocked by swelling.

Symptoms:

• Deep cough (similar to that caused by croup)
• Difficulty breathing
• High fever
• High-pitched breathing sound (stridor)

Signs and tests:

The health care provider will perform a physical exam and listen to the child's lungs. The muscles between the ribs may pull in as the child tries to breathe. This is called intercostal retractions.

Tests that may be done to diagnose this condition include:

• Blood oxygen level
• Nasopharyngeal culture to look for bacteria
• Tracheal culture to look for bacteria
• X-ray of the trachea

Treatment:

The child often needs to have a tube placed into the airways to help with breathing. This is called an endotracheal tube.

The child will receive antibiotics through a vein. The health care team will closely monitor the child's breathing and use oxygen, if needed.

Expectations (prognosis):

With prompt treatment, the child should recover.

Complications:

• Airway obstruction -- can lead to death
• Toxic shock syndrome -- if caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus

Calling your health care provider:

Tracheitis is an emergency medical condition. Go to the emergency room if your child has had a recent upper respiratory infection and suddenly has a high fever, a cough that gets worse, and trouble breathing.