Definition of SVC obstruction:

SVC obstruction is a narrowing or blockage of the superior vena cava -- the second largest vein in the human body. The superior vena cava moves blood from the upper half of the body to the heart.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors:

Superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction is a relatively rare condition.

Most often it is caused by cancer or a tumor in the mediastinum (the area of the chest under the breastbone and between the lungs).

The types of cancer that can lead to this condition include:

• Breast cancer
• Lymphoma
• Metastatic lung cancer (lung cancer that spreads)
• Testicular cancer
• Thyroid cancer
• Thymic tumors

Superior vena cava obstruction can also be caused by noncancerous conditions that cause scarring. These conditions include lung infections (such as tuberculosis), histoplasmosis infection, and inflammation of a vein ( thrombophlebitis).

Other causes of superior vena cava obstruction include blood clots in the superior vena cava, aortic aneurysm, constrictive pericarditis, and enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter).