Definition of Peritonitis:

Peritonitis is an inflammation (irritation) of the peritoneum, the tissue that lines the wall of the abdomen and covers the abdominal organs.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors:

A collection of pus in the abdomen, called an intra-abdominal abscess, may cause peritonitis.

See the specific types of peritonitis:

• Peritonitis - spontaneous
• Peritonitis - secondary
• Peritonitis - dialysis associated

Symptoms:

• Abdominal distention
• Abdominal pain or tenderness
• Fever
• Fluid in the abdomen
• Inability to pass feces or gas
• Low urine output
• Nausea and vomiting
• Point tenderness
• Thirst

Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease include:

• Cloudy dialysis fluid (if undergoing peritoneal dialysis)
• Nausea and vomiting
• Shaking chills
• Signs of shock

Signs and tests:

The doctor will perform a physical exam. The abdomen is usually tender, and may feel firm and "board-like." The patient may extensively "guard" the area, using protective movements such as curling up or refusing to allow the area to be touched.

Blood tests, x-rays, and CT scans may be ordered.

Treatment:

The cause must be identified and treated promptly. Treatment typically involves surgery and antibiotics.

Expectations (prognosis):

With treatment, patients usually do well. Without treatment, the outcome is usually poor. However, in some cases, patients do poorly even with prompt and appropriate treatment.

Complications:

Peritonitis can be life threatening and may cause a number of different complications. Complications depend on the specific type of peritonitis.

Calling your health care provider:

Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have symptoms of peritonitis.

Prevention:

Prevention depends on the cause. See the specific types of peritonitis.