Definition of Leptospirosis:

Leptospirosis is a rare, severe, and contagious bacterial infection.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors:

Leptospirosis is caused by exposure to several types of the Leptospira bacteria, which can be found in fresh water that has been contaminated by animal urine. It occurs in warmer climates.

Risk factors include:

• Occupational exposure -- farmers, ranchers, slaughterhouse workers, trappers, veterinarians, loggers, sewer workers, rice field workers, and military personnel.
• Recreational activities -- fresh water swimming, canoeing, kayaking, and trail biking in warm areas.
• Household exposure -- pet dogs, domesticated livestock, rainwater catchment systems, and infected rodents.

Leptospirosis is rare in the continental U.S. Hawaii has the highest number of cases in the U.S.

Symptoms:

Symptoms can take 2 - 26 days (average 10 days) to develop, and may include:

• Dry cough
• Fever
• Headache
• Muscle pain
• Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
• Shaking chills

Less common symptoms include:

• Abdominal pain
• Abnormal lung sounds
• Bone pain
• Conjunctivitis
• Enlarged lymph glands
• Enlarged spleen or liver
• Joint aches
• Muscle rigidity
• Muscle tenderness
• Skin rash
• Sore throat

Signs and tests:

The blood is tested for antibodies to the bacteria.

Other tests that may be done:

• Creatine kinase
• Liver enzymes
• Urinalysis
• White blood cell count

Treatment:

Medications to treat leptospirosis include:

• Chloramphenicol
• Erythromycin
• Penicillins
• Tetracyclines

Complicated cases will need supportive care.

Expectations (prognosis):

The outlook is generally good. However, a complicated case can be life-threatening if it is not treated promptly.

Complications:

• Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction when penicillin is given
• Meningitis
• Severe bleeding

Calling your health care provider:

Contact your health care provider if you have any symptoms of, or risk factors for leptospirosis.

Prevention:

Avoid areas of stagnant water, especially in tropical climates. If you are exposed to a high risk area, taking doxycycline may decrease your risk of developing disease.