Definition of CBC:

A complete blood count (CBC) test measures the following:

• The number of red blood cells (RBCs)
• The number of white blood cells (WBCs)
• The total amount of hemoglobin in the blood
• The fraction of the blood composed of red blood cells (hematocrit)
• The size of the red blood cells (mean corpuscular volume, or MCV)

The CBC test also provides specific information the size and hemoglobin content of individual red blood cells. This is determined from the additional following measurements:

• Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
• Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

The platelet count is also usually included in the CBC.

See also:

• Red blood cell (RBC) count
• White blood cell (WBC) count

How the test is performed:

Blood is typically drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine (antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood.

Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed from your arm.

Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.

In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding.

How to prepare for the test:

There is no special preparation needed.

How the test will feel:

When the needle is inserted to draw blood, you may feel moderate pain, though most people feel only a prick or a stinging sensation. Afterward there may be some throbbing or bruising.

Why the test is performed:

The CBC test may be performed under many different conditions and in the assessment of many different diseases. It is a screening test used to diagnose and manage numerous diseases. The results can reflect problems with fluid volume (such as dehydration) or loss of blood. The test can reveal problems with red blood cell production and destruction, or help diagnose infection, allergies, and problems with blood clotting.

MCV, MCH, and MCHC values reflect the size and hemoglobin concentration of individual cells, and are useful in diagnosing different types of anemia.