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Gram stain of sputum
There are no risks associated with coughing up a sample. See the article on bronchoscopy for information regarding risks related to that procedure.
The test may need to be repeated if the sample contains only saliva from the mouth.
Mandell LA. Pneumococcal pneumonia. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chap 311.
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