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Asma - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Asma bronquial; Asma inducido por el ejercicio

Definición:

El asma es un trastorno que provoca que las vías respiratorias se hinchen y se estrechen, llevando a que se presenten sibilancias, dificultad para respirar, opresión en el pecho y tos.

Ver también:

Causas:

El asma es causada por una inflamación de las vías respiratorias. Cuando se presenta un ataque de asma, los músculos que rodean las vías respiratorias se tensionan y el revestimiento de dichas vías aéreas se inflama. Esto reduce la cantidad de aire que puede pasar.

En las personas sensibles, los síntomas de asma pueden desencadenarse por la inhalación de sustancias causantes de alergias, llamadas alergenos o desencadenantes.

Los desencadenantes comunes de asma abarcan:

  • Animales (caspa o pelaje de mascotas)
  • Polvo
  • Cambios en el clima (con mayor frecuencia clima frío)
  • Químicos en el aire o en los alimentos
  • Ejercicio
  • Moho
  • Polen
  • Infecciones respiratorias, como el resfriado común
  • Emociones fuertes (estrés)
  • Humo del tabaco

El ácido acetilsalicílico (aspirin) y otros antinflamatorios no esteroides (AINES) provocan asma en algunos pacientes.

Muchas personas con asma tienen antecedentes personales o familiares de alergias, como la fiebre del heno (rinitis alérgica) o eccema, mientras que otros no tienen tales antecedentes.

  • Reviewed last on: 5/1/2011
  • David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc., and Denis Hadjiliadis, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.

Referencias

Lugogo N, Que LG, Fertel D, Kraft M. Asthma. In: Mason RJ, Broaddus VC, Martin TR, et al. Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2010:chap 38.

Brozek JL, Bousquet J, Baena-Cagnani CE, Bonini S, Canonica GW, Casale TB, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines: 2010 revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 Sep;126(3):466-76.

National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. Rockville, MD. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2007. NIH publication 08-4051.

Wechsler ME. Managing asthma in primary care: putting new guideline recommendations into context. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84:707-717.

Fanta CH. Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1002-1014.

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