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Neumonía adquirida en el hospital - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Neumonía nosocomial o intrahospitalaria; Neumonía asociada al uso de un respirador; Neumonía asociada a la atención médica

Definición:

Es una infección de los pulmones que se presenta durante una hospitalización.

Causas:

La neumonía es una enfermedad muy común, causada por muchos gérmenes diferentes y la gravedad de su infección puede ir desde leve hasta potencialmente mortal.

La neumonía adquirida en el hospital o neumonía intrahospitalaria tiende a ser más grave que otras infecciones pulmonares, porque:

  • Los pacientes en el hospital con frecuencia están más enfermos e incapaces de combatir los gérmenes.
  • Los tipos de gérmenes presentes en un hospital con frecuencia son más peligrosos que los que se encuentran en la comunidad.

La neumonía adquirida en el hospital ocurre más comúnmente en pacientes que están usando un respirador (también llamado máquina de respiración o ventilador) para ayudarlos a respirar. Cuando se presenta la neumonía en un paciente que está con ventilador, se conoce también como neumonía asociada al uso de un ventilador.

Los factores de riesgo para desarrollar la neumonía adquirida en el hospital son, entre otros:

  • Alcoholismo.
  • Estar conectado a un respirador.
  • Inhalar saliva o alimento hacia los pulmones (aspiración).
  • Cirugía del tórax.
  • Inmunodepresión (el sistema de defensas no funciona bien).
  • Enfermedad pulmonar prolongada (crónica).
  • No estar completamente despierto.
  • Edad avanzada.
  • Enfermedad reciente.
  • Reviewed last on: 2/19/2011
  • Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington, School of Medicine; and Denis Hadjiliadis, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Unviersity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

American Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Feb 15;171(4):388-416.

Craven DE, Chroneou A. Nosocomial pneumonia. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2009:chap 303.

Chastre J, Luyt CE. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. In: Mason RJ, Broaddus VC, Martin TR, et al. Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2010:chap 33.

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