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Espasmo de las arterias coronarias - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Angina variante; Angina de Prinzmetal; Angina vasoespástica

Definición:

Es una contracción temporal y súbita de una de las arterias coronarias (las arterias que le suministran sangre al corazón). El espasmo disminuye o detiene el flujo sanguíneo a través de la arteria y priva a parte del corazón de la sangre oxigenada.

Causas:

El espasmo a menudo se presenta en las arterias coronarias que no han resultado endurecidas debido a la acumulación de placa (aterosclerosis). Sin embargo, también puede ocurrir en arterias con acumulación de placa.

Estos espasmos se deben a una contracción (opresión) de los músculos de la pared arterial y ocurren en sólo un área de la arteria. La arteria coronaria puede aparecer normal durante el examen, pero no funciona normalmente.

Alrededor del 2% de los pacientes con angina tienen espasmo de las arterias coronarias.

El espasmo de las arterias coronarias ocurre con mayor frecuencia en personas que fuman o tienen el colesterol alto o hipertensión arterial. Puede ocurrir sin causa o puede desencadenarse por:

  • Abstinencia de alcohol
  • Estrés emocional
  • Exposición al frío
  • Medicamentos que causan estrechamiento de los vasos sanguíneos (vasoconstricción)
  • Drogas estimulantes como anfetaminas y cocaína

El consumo de cocaína y cigarrillo puede causar espasmos graves en las arterias y también incrementar la carga de trabajo del corazón. En muchas personas, el espasmo de las arterias coronarias puede ocurrir sin ningún otro factor de riesgo cardíaco, como tabaquismo, diabetes, hipertensión arterial y colesterol alto.

  • Reviewed last on: 6/28/2011
  • David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc., and Michael A. Chen, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, Washington.

Referencias

Cannon CP, Braunwald E. Unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2007:chap 53.

Stern S, Bayes de Luna A. Coronary artery spasm: a 2009 update. Circulation. 2009 May 12;119(18):2531-4.

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