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Hipertensión renovascular - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Hipertensión renal; Hipertensión de tipo renovascular; Oclusión de la arteria renal; Estenosis de la arteria renal; Estenosis arterial renal

Definición:

Es la presión arterial alta debido al estrechamiento de las arterias que llevan la sangre a los riñones. Esta afección también se denomina estenosis arterial renal.

Ver también: hipertensión arterial .

Causas:

Cuando las arterias que llevan sangre a los riñones se vuelven estrechas, fluye menos sangre hacia estos órganos. Los riñones responden de manera errónea como si la presión arterial estuviera baja y liberan hormonas que le ordenan al cuerpo retener más sal y agua, lo cual causa una elevación en la presión arterial.

La estenosis de la arteria renal es un estrechamiento o bloqueo de la arteria que suministra sangre a los riñones.

La causa más común de estenosis de la arteria renal es la arterioesclerosis (ateroesclerosis) por el colesterol alto. Este problema ocurre cuando una sustancia grasa y pegajosa, llamado placa, se acumula en el revestimiento interno de las arterias. La placa puede estrechar lentamente o incluso bloquear la arteria renal (riñón).

Los factores de riesgo para la ateroesclerosis son: hipertensión arterial, tabaquismo, diabetes, colesterol alto, consumo excesivo de alcohol, consumo de cocaína y mayor edad.

La displasia fibromuscular es otra causa de estenosis de la arteria renal. Con frecuencia, se observa en mujeres menores de 50 años y tiende a ser hereditaria. Este tipo de displasia es causada por el crecimiento o desarrollo anormal de células en las paredes de las arterias que llevan a los riñones. Esto también lleva al estrechamiento o bloqueo de estas arterias.

  • Reviewed last on: 5/23/2011
  • David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc., and Michael A. Chen, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, Washington.

Referencias

Victor RG. Systemic hypertension: Mechanisms and diagnosis. In: Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 45.

Kaplan NM. Systemic hypertension: Therapy. In: Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 46.

Dworkin LD, Murphy T. Is there any reason to stent atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis? Am J Kidney Dis. 2010 Aug;56(2):259-63.

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for high blood pressure: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(11):783-786.

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