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Pancreatitis aguda - Overview

Definición:

Es una hinchazón e inflamación súbita del páncreas.

Causas:

El páncreas es un órgano localizado detrás del estómago que produce químicos, llamados enzimas, al igual que las hormonas insulina y glucagón. La mayoría de las veces, las enzimas están únicamente activas después de que llegan al intestino delgado, donde se necesitan para digerir los alimentos.

Cuando estas enzimas se vuelven de algún modo activas dentro del páncreas, se comen (y digieren) el tejido pancreático. Esto causa hinchazón, sangrado (hemorragia) y daño al páncreas y sus vasos sanguíneos.

La pancreatitis aguda afecta más frecuentemente a hombres que a mujeres. Ciertas enfermedades, cirugías y hábitos hacen que uno tenga mayor probabilidad de desarrollar esta afección.

La afección es ocasionada casi siempre por alcoholismo y consumo excesivo de alcohol (70% de los casos en los Estados Unidos). La genética puede ser un factor en algunos casos. Sin embargo, algunas veces, la causa se desconoce.

Otras afecciones que han sido ligadas a la pancreatitis son:

  • Problemas autoinmunitarios (cuando el sistema inmunitario ataca al cuerpo)
  • Obstrucción del conducto pancreático o del conducto colédoco, los conductos que drenan las enzimas del páncreas
  • Daño a los conductos del páncreas durante una cirugía
  • Altos niveles de grasa llamada triglicéridos en la sangre (hipertrigliceridemia)
  • Lesión al páncreas a raíz de un accidente

Otras causas abarcan:

  • Reviewed last on: 1/20/2010
  • David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; and George F. Longstreth, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, San Diego, California. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Banks PA, Freeman ML; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:2379-2400.

Frossard JL, Steer ML, Pastor CM. Acute pancreatitis. Lancet. 2008;371:143-152.

Owyang C. Pancreatitis. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 147.

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