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Amebiasis - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Disentería amebiana; Amebiasis intestinal

Definición:

Es una infección intestinal causada por el parásito Entamoeba histolytica.

Causas, incidencia y factores de riesgo:

La Entamoeba histiolytica puede vivir en el intestino grueso (colon) sin causar enfermedad; sin embargo, algunas veces invade las paredes del colon y causa colitis, disentería aguda o diarrea prolongada (crónica). La infección puede también diseminarse a través de la sangre al hígado y, rara vez, a los pulmones, el cerebro o a otros órganos.

Esta afección se presenta en todo el mundo, pero es más común en áreas tropicales donde hay condiciones de hacinamiento y salubridad deficiente. África, México, partes de Suramérica e India tienen problemas de salud significativos asociados con esta enfermedad.

La Entamoeba histiolytica se disemina a través de agua o alimentos contaminados con heces. Esta contaminación es común cuando los excrementos humanos se utilizan como fertilizantes. Esta enfermedad también puede diseminarse de una persona a otra, particularmente por contacto con el área bucal o rectal de una persona infectada.

Los factores de riesgo que predisponen a padecer amebiasis grave abarcan:

  • Alcoholismo
  • Cáncer
  • Desnutrición
  • Edad avanzada o temprana
  • Embarazo
  • Viaje reciente a una región tropical
  • Uso de corticoesteroides para inhibir el sistema inmunitario

En los Estados Unidos, la amebiasis es más común en personas que tienen relaciones sexuales anales y las que residen en instituciones.

  • Reviewed last on: 9/15/2010
  • David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Schuster FL, Glaser CA. Amebiasis. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 373.

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