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Hipotiroidismo - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Hipotiroidismo en adultos; Mixedema

Definición:

Es una afección en la cual la glándula tiroides no logra producir suficiente hormona tiroidea.

Ver también:

Causas:

La glándula tiroidea, ubicada en la parte anterior del cuello justo debajo de la laringe, secreta hormonas que controlan el metabolismo.

La causa más común de hipotiroidismo es la inflamación de la glándula tiroidea, lo cual le causa daño a sus células. La tiroiditis de Hashimoto o autoinmunitaria, en la cual el sistema inmunitario ataca la glándula tiroidea, es el ejemplo más común de esto. Algunas mujeres desarrollan hipotiroidismo después del embarazo, lo que a menudo se denomina "tiroiditis posparto".

Otras causas comunes de hipotiroidismo abarcan:

  • Defectos congénitos (al nacer)
  • Terapias de radiación al cuello para tratar cánceres diferentes, lo cual también puede dañar la glándula tiroidea
  • Yodo radiactivo usado para tratar una tiroides hiperactiva (hipertiroidismo)
  • Extirpación quirúrgica de parte o de toda la glándula tiroidea, realizada para tratar otros problemas tiroideos
  • Tiroiditis viral, que puede causar hipertiroidismo y con frecuencia va seguida de hipotiroidismo temporal o permanente

Ciertos fármacos pueden causar hipertiroidismo, incluyendo:

  • Amiodarona
  • Fármacos usados para el hipertiroidismo (tiroides hiperactiva), tales como el propiltiouracilo (PTU) y metimazol
  • Litio
  • Radiación al cerebro
  • Síndrome de Sheehan, una afección que puede ocurrir en una mujer que sangra profusamente durante embarazo o el parto y causa destrucción de la hipófisis

Los factores de riesgo comprenden:

  • Tener más de 50 años
  • Ser mujer
  • Reviewed last on: 4/19/2010
  • Ari S. Eckman, MD, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Fatourechi V. Subclinical hypothyroidism: an update for primary care physicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(1):65-71.

Ladenson P, Kim M. Thyroid. In: Goldman L and Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2007:chap 244.

Vaidya B, Pearce SH. Management of hypothyroidism in adults. BMJ. 2008;337.

Allahabadia A, Razvi S, Abraham P, Franklyn J. Diagnosis and treatment of primary hypothyroidism. BMJ. 2009 Mar 26;338.

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