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Osteomalacia - Overview

Definición:

Es el reblandecimiento de los huesos debido a una falta de vitamina D o a un problema con la capacidad del cuerpo para descomponer y usar esta vitamina.

Causas, incidencia y factores de riesgo:

Los huesos más blandos que se observan en personas con osteomalacia tienen una cantidad anormal de colágeno, el cual le da a los huesos su estructura, pero carecen de la cantidad apropiada de calcio.

La osteomalacia tiene numerosas causas. En los niños, la afección se la llama raquitismo y generalmente es ocasionada por una deficiencia de vitamina D.

Otras afecciones que pueden llevar a osteomalacia son:

  • Insuficiencia de vitamina D en la dieta
  • La exposición insuficiente a la luz del sol, que produce vitamina D en el cuerpo
  • La malabsorción de la vitamina D por parte de los intestinos

El uso de protectores solares muy fuertes, la exposición limitada del cuerpo a la luz solar, los días de luz solar cortos y la niebla contaminada son factores que disminuyen la formación de la vitamina D dentro del cuerpo. Las personas de edad avanzada y quienes evitan tomar leche tienen un mayor riesgo de padecer osteomalacia.

Otras afecciones que pueden causar osteomalacia son, entre otras:

  • Cáncer
  • Trastornos adquiridos o hereditarios del metabolismo de la vitamina D
  • Insuficiencia renal y acidosis
  • Enfermedad hepática
  • Insuficiencia de fosfato asociada con su consumo deficiente en la dieta
  • Efectos secundarios de los medicamentos empleados para tratar crisis epilépticas
  • Reviewed last on: 8/31/2010
  • Ari S. Eckman, MD, Chief, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Trinitas Regional Medical Center, Elizabeth, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Wysolmerski JJ, Insogna KL. The parathyroid glands, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia. In: Kronenberg HM, Schlomo M, Polansky KS, Larsen PR, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 11th ed. St. Louis, Mo: WB Saunders; 2008:chap 266.

Bringhurst FR, Demay MB, Kronenberg HM. Disorders of mineral metabolism. In: Kronenberg HM, Schlomo M, Polansky KS, Larsen PR, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 11th ed. St. Louis, Mo: WB Saunders; 2008:chap 27.

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