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Púrpura trombocitopénica idiopática (PTI) - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Púrpura trombocitopénica inmunitaria; PTI

Definición:

Es un trastorno hemorrágico en el cual el sistema inmunitario destruye las plaquetas, que son necesarias para la coagulación normal de la sangre. Las personas con la enfermedad tienen muy pocas plaquetas en la sangre.

Esta enfermedad algunas veces se denomina púrpura trombocitopénica inmunitaria.

Causas, incidencia y factores de riesgo:

La púrpura trombocitopénica idiopática ocurre cuando ciertas células del sistema inmunitario producen anticuerpos antiplaquetarios. Las plaquetas ayudan a que la sangre se coagule aglutinándose para taponar pequeños agujeros en los vasos sanguíneos dañados.

Los anticuerpos se fijan a las plaquetas y el bazo destruye las plaquetas que llevan los anticuerpos.

En los niños, algunas veces, la enfermedad se presenta después de una infección viral. En los adultos, con mayor frecuencia es una enfermedad crónica (a largo plazo) y puede ocurrir después de una infección viral, con el uso de ciertos fármacos, durante el embarazo o como parte de un trastorno inmunitario.

La púrpura trombocitopénica idiopática afecta con más frecuencia a mujeres que a hombres y es más común en niños que en adultos. En los niños, la enfermedad afecta por igual a ambos sexos.

  • Reviewed last on: 3/28/2010
  • David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; James R. Mason, MD, Oncologist, Director, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program and Stem Cell Processing Lab, Scripps Clinic, Torrey Pines, California. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

McMillan R. Hemorrhagic disorders: abnormalities of platelet and vascular function. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 179.

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