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Trombocitopenia inducida por fármacos - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Trombocitopenia farmacógena (medicamentosa)

Definición:

La trombocitopenia es cualquier trastorno en el cual no hay suficientes plaquetas que son células en la sangre que la ayudan a coagularse. Un conteo bajo de plaquetas hace que el sangrado sea más probable.

Cuando las drogas o medicamentos son las causas de un bajo conteo de plaquetas, se denomina trombocitopenia farmacógena o inducida por fármacos.

Ver también: trombocitopenia

Causas:

La trombocitopenia inducida por fármacos ocurre cuando ciertos fármacos o medicamentos destruyen las plaquetas o interfieren con la capacidad del cuerpo para producir suficiente cantidad de ellas.

Existen dos clases de este tipo de trombocitopenia:

  • Inmunitaria
  • No inmunitaria

Si un fármaco provoca que el cuerpo produzca anticuerpos, los cuales buscan y destruyen las plaquetas, la afección se denomina trombocitopenia inmunitaria inducida por fármacos. La heparina, un anticoagulante, probablemente sea la causa más común de este tipo de trombocitopenia.

Si un medicamento impide que la médula ósea produzca suficientes plaquetas, la afección se denomina trombocitopenia no inmunitaria inducida por fármacos. Los fármacos para quimioterapia y un anticonvulsivo llamado ácido valproico pueden llevar a que se presente este problema.

Otras drogas que causan trombocitopenia inducida por fármacos abarcan:

  • Furosemida
  • Oro, usado para tratar la artritis
  • Antinflamatorios no esteroides (AINES)
  • Penicilina
  • Quinidina
  • Quinina
  • Ranitidina
  • Sulfamidas
  • Reviewed last on: 6/13/2011
  • David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Yi-Bin Chen, MD, Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Warkentin TE. Thrombocytopenia due to platelet destruction and hypersplenism. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr, Shattil SJ, et al, eds. Hoffman Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2008:chap 140.

McMillan R. Hemorrhagic disorders: abnormalities of platelet and vascular function. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 179.

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