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Anemia hemolítica inmunitaria - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Anemia hemolítica de tipo inmunitaria; Anemia hemolítica autoinmunitaria (AIHA)

Definición:

Es una afección en la cual hay una reducción en el conteo de glóbulos sanguíneos debido a la destrucción prematura de glóbulos rojos por parte del sistema inmunitario.

Causas, incidencia y factores de riesgo:

La anemia hemolítica inmunitaria ocurre cuando se forman anticuerpos que actúan contra los glóbulos rojos del propio cuerpo. Los anticuerpos destruyen las células sanguíneas porque el sistema inmunitario las reconoce por error como material extraño dentro del cuerpo.

Los anticuerpos pueden ser causados por:

  • Complicación de otra enfermedad
  • Transfusiones de sangre previas
  • Embarazo (si el tipo de sangre del bebé es diferente al de la madre)
  • Reacción a ciertos medicamentos
  • Reacción a ciertas infecciones

Si la causa de la formación de anticuerpos es una enfermedad o medicamentos, se le llama anemia hemolítica inmunitaria secundaria. La anemia hemolítica autoinmunitaria idiopática representa la mitad de todas las anemias hemolíticas inmunitarias.

Los factores de riesgo están relacionados con las causas.

  • Reviewed last on: 1/31/2010
  • Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington, School of Medicine; and Yi-Bin Chen, MD, Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Schwartz RS. Autoimmune and intravascular hemolytic anemias. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chap 164.

Powers A, Silberstein LE. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia. In: Hoffman R, Benz Ej, Shattil SS, et al, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2008:chap 47.

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