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Infección por VIH - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Infección producida por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana

Definición:

Es una enfermedad causada por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). La afección destruye el sistema inmunitario en forma gradual, lo cual hace que para el cuerpo sea más difícil combatir infecciones.

Este artículo suministra una visión general. Para obtener información más detallada, ver los artículos:

Causas:

El virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) se puede diseminar de la siguientes maneras:

  • A través del contacto sexual: incluyendo sexo oral, vaginal y anal.
  • A través de la sangre: por transfusiones de sangre, punciones accidentales con agujas o por compartir agujas.
  • De la madre al hijo: una mujer embarazada puede transmitirle el virus a su feto a través de la circulación sanguínea compartida o una madre lactante puede pasárselo a su bebé a través de la leche materna.

Las personas que resultan infectadas con VIH pueden estar asintomáticas hasta por 10 años, pero aún pueden transmitir la infección a otros. Después de haber estado expuesto al virus, pueden pasar hasta tres meses para que los resultados del examen de sangre ELISA para HIV cambien de negativo a positivo para este virus.

El VIH se ha propagado por todo los Estados Unidos y la enfermedad es más común en áreas urbanas, especialmente los centros de las ciudades.

Ver también: SIDA para una descripción más completa de cómo se disemina el VIH.

  • Reviewed last on: 6/9/2011
  • David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Piot P. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A global overview. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 407.

Del Rio C, Curran JW. Epidemiology and prevention of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus infection. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2009:chap 118.

Sterling TR, Chaisson RE. General clinical manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection (including the acute retroviral syndrome and oral, cutaenous, renal, ocular, metabolic, and cardiac diseases. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2009:chap 121.

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