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Meningitis - Overview

Definición:

Es una infección bacteriana de las membranas que cubren el cerebro y la médula espinal (meninges).

Ver también:

Causas, incidencia y factores de riesgo:

Las causas más comunes de meningitis son las infecciones virales que generalmente mejoran sin tratamiento. Sin embargo, las infecciones meningíticas bacterianas son extremadamente graves y pueden producir la muerte o daño cerebral incluso con tratamiento.

La meningitis también puede ser causada por:

  • Irritación química
  • Alergias a medicamentos
  • Hongos
  • Tumores

Los tipos abarcan:

La meningitis bacteriana aguda es una verdadera emergencia médica y requiere tratamiento inmediato en un hospital.

La meningitis viral es más leve y ocurre con mayor frecuencia que la meningitis bacteriana. Generalmente se desarrolla al final del verano y comienzos del otoño y con frecuencia afecta a los niños y a los adultos menores de 30 años. La mayoría de las infecciones ocurre en niños menores de 5 años. La mayoría de los casos de meningitis viral se debe a enterovirus, que son virus que también pueden causar enfermedad intestinal.

Muchos otros tipos de virus pueden causar meningitis. Por ejemplo, la meningitis viral puede ser causada por el virus del herpes, el mismo virus que puede causar el herpes labial y el herpes genital (aunque las personas con herpes labial o genital no están en mayor riesgo de desarrollar meningitis herpética).

Recientemente, el virus del Nilo Occidental, que se disemina por medio de las picaduras de mosquitos, se ha convertido en una causa de meningitis viral en la mayor parte de los Estados Unidos.

  • Reviewed last on: 9/15/2010
  • David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; and Jatin M. Vyas, PhD, MD, Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Swartz MN. Meningitis: bacterial, viral, and other. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 437.

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