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Neuropatía secundaria a medicamentos - Overview

Definición:

Es una pérdida de sensibilidad o movimiento en una parte del cuerpo debido a daño neurológico a raíz de cierto medicamento.

Causas:

El daño es causado por los efectos tóxicos de ciertos medicamentos sobre los nervios periféricos (los nervios que no se encuentran en el cerebro ni en la médula espinal). Puede haber daño a la parte del axón de la neurona, lo cual interfiere con las señales nerviosas.

Con mucha frecuencia, se presenta compromiso de nervios múltiples (polineuropatía), lo cual por lo general causa cambios en la sensibilidad que comienzan en las áreas externas del cuerpo (distales) y se desplazan hacia el centro del cuerpo (proximales). También puede haber cambios en el movimiento, como debilidad.

Muchos medicamentos pueden afectar el desarrollo de una neuropatía, entre ellos:

  • Medicamentos para el corazón o la presión arterial:
    • Amiodarona
    • Hidralazina
    • Perhexilina
  • Medicamentos usados para combatir el cáncer:
    • Cisplatino
    • Docetaxel
    • Paclitaxel
    • Suramin
    • Vincristina
  • Medicamentos empleados para combatir infecciones:
    • Cloroquina
    • INH (isoniazida), usada contra la tuberculosis
    • Metronidazol (Flagyl)
    • Nitrofurantoína
    • Talidomida (usada para combatir la lepra)
  • Medicamentos empleados para una enfermedad autoinmunitaria:
    • Etanercept
    • Infliximab
    • Leflunomida
  • Medicamentos usados para el tratamiento de enfermedades de la piel (Dapsona)
  • Anticonvulsivos (Fenitoína)
  • Medicamentos antialcohólicos (Disulfiram)
  • Medicamentos para combatir el VIH:
    • Didanosina (Videx)
    • Estavudina (Zerit)
    • Zalcitabina (Hivid)
  • Arsénico
  • Colchicina
  • Oro
  • Reviewed last on: 2/5/2011
  • David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by Joseph V. Campellone, MD, Division of Neurology, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Weimer LH, Sachdev N. Update on medication-induced peripheral neuropathy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2009;9(1):69-75.

Harati Y, Bosch EP. Disorders of peripheral nerves. In: Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, eds. Neurology in Clinical Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Butterworth-Heinemann Elsevier; 2008:chap 80.

Shy M. Peripheral neuropathies. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 446.

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