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Mielinólisis central pontina - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Síndrome de desmielinización osmótica

Definición:

Es una disfunción neuronal causada por la destrucción de la capa que cubre las células nerviosas (vaina de mielina) en el tronco del encéfalo (puente de Varolio).

Causas, incidencia y factores de riesgo:

La destrucción de la vaina de mielina que cubre las neuronas impide que las señales se transmitan apropiadamente en el nervio. Esto disminuye la capacidad del nervio para comunicarse con otras células.

La causa más común de mielinólisis central pontina es una rápida elevación en los niveles de sodio en el organismo. Con mucha frecuencia, se presenta cuando alguien está en tratamiento por bajos niveles de sodio (hiponatremia) y los niveles suben demasiado rápido. También puede ocurrir ocasionalmente cuando los altos niveles de sodio en el organismo (hipernatremia) se corrigen con demasiada rapidez.

Esta afección no se presenta por sí sola; es una complicación del tratamiento de otras afecciones u ocurre a raíz de otras afecciones.

Entre los riesgos están:

  • Reviewed last on: 8/27/2010
  • David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Daniel B. Hoch, PhD, MD, Assistant Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Skorecki K, Ausiello D. Disorders of sodium and water homeostasis. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 117.

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