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Disfunción del nervio tibial - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Neuropatía del nervio tibial posterior; Síndrome del túnel tarsiano

Definición:

Es una pérdida del movimiento o la sensibilidad en el pie debido a daño en el nervio tibial.

Causas:

La disfunción del nervio tibial es una forma inusual de neuropatía periférica y ocurre cuando hay daño al nervio tibial, una de las ramificaciones inferiores del nervio ciático de la pierna. Este nervio suministra el movimiento y la sensibilidad a la pantorrilla y los músculos del pie.

Un problema en el funcionamiento de un solo grupo de nervios, como el nervio tibial, se denomina mononeuropatía. Las causas usuales son:

  • Traumatismo directo.
  • Presión prolongada sobre el nervio.
  • Presión sobre el nervio por estructuras corporales cercanas.

El atrapamiento crea presión sobre el nervio al pasar a través de una estructura angosta.

El daño puede destruir la vaina de mielina del nervio que protege y aísla el nervio o parte de la neurona (el axón). Este daño reduce o impide el movimiento de impulsos a través del nervio.

El nervio tibial a menudo se lesiona por presión a raíz de un ligamento sobre la parte interna del tobillo. Una lesión o enfermedad de estructuras cercanas a la rodilla también puede dañar el nervio tibial. Este nervio también se puede ver afectado por enfermedades que dañan a múltiples nervios, tales como diabetes.

En algunos casos, no se puede encontrar ninguna causa.

  • Reviewed last on: 2/5/2011
  • David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by Josh V. Campellone, MD, Division of Neurology, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Harati Y, Bosch EP. Disorders of peripheral nerves. In: Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, eds. Bradley: Neurology in Clinical Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Butterworth-Heinemann Elsevier; 2008:chap 80.

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