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Alergias farmacológicas - Treatment

Nombres alternativos

Reacción alérgica a un fármaco (medicamento); Hipersensibilidad farmacológica; Hipersensibilidad a medicamentos

Tratamiento:

El objetivo del tratamiento es aliviar los síntomas y prevenir una reacción severa.

El tratamiento puede abarcar:

  • Antihistamínicos para aliviar los síntomas leves, como erupciones, ronchas y picazón
  • Broncodilatadores, como el albuterol, para reducir los síntomas similares al asma (sibilancias o tos moderada)
  • Corticosteroides aplicados a la piel, administrados por vía oral o intravenosa (directamente dentro de la vena)
  • Epinefrina inyectable para el tratamiento de la anafilaxia

Se debe evitar el fármaco desencadenante y otros medicamentos similares. Asegúrese de que todos los médicos, incluyendo odontólogos y personal del hospital, sepan acerca de las alergias a fármacos que usted o sus hijos tengan.

Se puede aconsejar que el uso de prendas de joyería o tarjetas que identifiquen sus alergias (como Medic-Alert y otras).

En ocasiones, una alergia a la penicilina (u otro fármaco) responde a la desensibilización, donde se administran crecientes dosis de un medicamento para mejorar la tolerancia de la persona a dicho medicamento, pero esto sólo debe ser hecho por un alergólogo.

Expectativas (pronóstico):

La mayoría de las alergias farmacológicas responden rápidamente al tratamiento. Unos pocos casos causan asma grave, anafilaxia o la muerte.

Complicaciones:

  • Reacción alérgica severa y potencialmente mortal (anafilaxia)
  • Asma
  • Hinchazón importante por debajo de la piel (angioedema), que es potencialmente mortal si afecta la garganta, la lengua o los pulmones
  • Muerte

Situaciones que requieren asistencia médica:

Consulte con el médico si está tomando un medicamento y parece estar teniendo una reacción al mismo.

Llame al número local de emergencias (como el 911 en los Estados Unidos) o acuda a la sala de urgencias si presenta dificultad respiratoria o presenta otros síntomas de asma grave o anafilaxia, ya que se trata de afecciones de emergencia.

  • Reviewed last on: 6/29/2010
  • Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington, School of Medicine; Paula J. Busse, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Celik G, Pichler WJ, Adkinson NF Jr. Drug Allergy. In Adkinson NF Jr., , eds. Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa; Mosby Elsevier; 2008: chap 68.

Grammer LC. Drug allergy. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 275.

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