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Placenta previa - Overview

Definición:

Es una complicación del embarazo en la cual la placenta crece en la parte más baja de la matriz (útero) y cubre todo o parte de la abertura hacia el cuello uterino.

La placenta es el órgano que nutre al feto en el útero.

Causas:

Durante el embarazo, la placenta se desplaza a medida que el útero se estira y crece. A comienzos de embarazo, es común que se presente una placenta de implantación baja. Pero a medida que el embarazo progresa, el útero que va creciendo debe "halar" la placenta hacia la parte superior. Hacia el tercer trimestre, la placenta debe estar cerca de la parte superior del útero, dejando la abertura del cuello uterino despejada para el parto.

Algunas veces, sin embargo, la placenta permanece en la parte inferior del útero, cubriendo parcial o completamente esta abertura. Esto se denomina placenta previa.

Existen diferentes formas de placenta previa:

  • Marginal: la placenta está contra el cuello uterino pero no cubre la abertura
  • Parcial: la placenta cubre parte de la abertura cervical
  • Completa: la placenta cubre completamente la abertura cervical

La placenta previa ocurre en 1 de cada 200 embarazos y es más común en mujeres que tienen:

  • Un útero anormalmente desarrollado
  • Muchos embarazos previos
  • Embarazos múltiples (gemelos, trillizos, etc.)
  • Cicatrización de la pared uterina causada por embarazos anteriores, cesáreas, cirugía uterina o abortos

Las mujeres que fuman o tienen niños a una edad avanzada también pueden tener un mayor riesgo. Las posibles causas de placenta previa abarcan:

  • Formación anómala de la placenta
  • Útero anormal
  • Placenta grande
  • Cicatrización en el revestimiento del útero (endometrio)
  • Reviewed last on: 9/12/2009
  • Linda Vorvick, MD, Seattle Site Coordinator, Lecturer, Pathophysiology, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington School of Medicine; and Susan Storck, MD, FACOG, Chief, Eastside Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Redmond, Washington; Clinical Teaching Faculty, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Francois KE, Foley MR. Antepartum and postpartum hemorrhage. In: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, eds. Obstetrics - Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2007:chap 18.

Houry DE, Abbott JT. Acute complications of pregnancy. In: Marx J, ed. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 6th ed. St Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2006:chap 177.

Cunnigham FG, Leveno KL, Bloom SL, et al . Obstetrical hemorrhage. In: Cunnigham FG, Leveno KL, Bloom SL, et al, eds. Williams Obstetrics. 22nd ed. New York, NY; McGraw-Hill; 2005:chap 35.

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