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Cataratas - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Opacidad del cristalino; Catarata relacionada con la edad

Definición:

Una catarata es una opacidad del cristalino del ojo.

Este artículo se enfoca en las cataratas de los adultos. Para obtener información sobre las cataratas de los niños, ver el artículo: cataratas congénitas.

Causas:

El cristalino del ojo normalmente es transparente y actúa como una lente en una cámara, enfocando la luz a medida que ésta pasa hasta la parte posterior del ojo.

Hasta más o menos la edad de 45 años, la forma del cristalino es capaz de cambiar. Esto permite que el cristalino enfoque sobre un objeto, ya sea que esté cerca o lejos.

A medida que envejecemos, las proteínas en el cristalino comienzan a descomponerse y éste se torna opaco. Lo que el ojo ve puede aparecer borroso. Esta afección se conoce como catarata.


Catarata

Los factores que pueden acelerar la formación de cataratas son:

  • Diabetes
  • Inflamación del ojo
  • Lesión en el ojo
  • Antecedentes familiares de cataratas
  • Uso prolongado de corticosteroides (tomados por vía oral) o algunos otros medicamentos
  • Exposición a la radiación
  • Tabaquismo
  • Cirugía por otro problema ocular
  • Demasiada exposición a la luz ultravioleta (luz solar)

En muchos casos, la causa de la catarata se desconoce.

  • Reviewed last on: 8/31/2010
  • Franklin W. Lusby, MD, Ophthalmologist, Lusby Vision Institute, La Jolla, California. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Zigler Jr. JS, Datiles III MB. Pathogenesis of cataracts. In: Tasman W, Jaeger EA, eds. Duane's Ophthalmology. 15th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009:chap 72B.

Howes FW. Indications for lens surgery/indications for application of different lens surgery techniques. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, eds. Ophthalmology. 3rd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby Elsevier; 2008:chap 5.4.

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