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Daltonismo - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Deficiencia para ver los colores; Acromatopsia

Definición:

Es la incapacidad para ver ciertos colores en la forma usual.

Causas:

El daltonismo ocurre cuando hay un problema con los gránulos (pigmentos) que perciben el color en ciertas neuronas del ojo, llamadas conos. Estas células se encuentran en la retina, la capa de tejido sensible a la luz que recubre la parte posterior del ojo.

Si sólo falta un pigmento, usted puede tener dificultad para diferenciar entre el rojo y el verde, que es el tipo más común de daltonismo. Si falta un pigmento diferente, usted puede tener dificultad para ver los colores azul y amarillo. Las personas con daltonismo para los colores azul y amarillo generalmente tienen problemas para identificar también los colores rojos y verdes.

La forma más grave de daltonismo es la acromatopsia. La persona que padece esta rara afección no puede ver ningún color, así que todo lo ve en sombras de gris. La acromatopsia suele estar asociada con ojo perezoso, nistagmo (pequeños movimientos espasmódicos del ojo), fotosensibilidad grave y extremadamente mala visión.

La mayoría de los casos de daltonismo se deben a un problema genético (Ver: gen recesivo ligado al sexo). Muy pocas mujeres son daltónicas y aproximadamente 1 de cada 10 hombres sufren alguna forma de daltonismo.

La droga hidroxicloroquina (Plaquenil), utilizada para tratar artritis reumatoidea entre otras afecciones, también puede causar daltonismo.

  • Reviewed last on: 6/1/2011
  • Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington, School of Medicine; and Franklin W. Lusby, MD, Ophthalmologist, Lusby Vision Institute, La Jolla, California. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Adams AJ, Verdon WA, Spivey BE. Color vision. In: Tasman W, Jaeger EA, eds. Duane's Foundations of Clinical Ophthalmology 15th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009:chap 19.

Berson EL. Visual function testing: clinical correlations. In: Tasman W, Jaeger EA, eds. Duane's Foundations of Clinical Ophthalmology 15th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009:chap 14.

Wiggs JL. Molecular genetics of selected ocular disorders. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, eds. Ophthalmology. 3rd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby Elsevier; 2008:chap 1.2.

Sieving PA, Caruso RC. Retinitis pigmentosa and related disorders. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, eds. Ophthalmology. 3rd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby Elsevier; 2008:chap 6.10.

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