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Tronco arterial - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Tronco

Definición:

Es un raro tipo de cardiopatía congénita, en la cual un solo vaso sanguíneo (tronco arterial) sale desde los ventrículos derecho e izquierdo, en lugar de los dos vasos normales (la arteria pulmonar y la aorta).

Existen diferentes tipos de tronco arterial, dependiendo de la anatomía del vaso único.

Causas, incidencia y factores de riesgo:

En la circulación normal, la arteria pulmonar sale del ventrículo derecho y la aorta sale del ventrículo izquierdo, los cuales están separados el uno del otro. Las arterias coronarias, que suministran sangre al miocardio, se desprenden de la aorta, exactamente por encima de la válvula ubicada a la entrada de esta arteria.

En el tronco arterial, sale una sola arteria de los ventrículos. Generalmente, también hay un orificio grande entre los dos ventrículos ( comunicación interventricular). Como resultado, se mezclan la sangre azul (no oxigenada) y la de color rojo (oxigenada).

Parte de esta sangre mezclada va a los pulmones, otra parte a las arterias coronarias y el resto va al cuerpo. Generalmente, se envía demasiada sangre a los pulmones.

Sin tratamiento, se pueden presentar dos problemas:

  • La demasiada circulación de sangre en los pulmones puede causar acumulación de líquido extra en y alrededor de ellos, dificultando la respiración.
  • Los vasos sanguíneos que van a los pulmones resultan dañados de manera permanente. Con el tiempo, se le vuelve difícil al corazón bombearles sangre. Esto se denomina hipertensión pulmonar y puede ser mortal.
  • Reviewed last on: 12/21/2009
  • Kurt R. Schumacher, MD, Pediatric Cardiology, University of Michigan Congenital Heart Center, Ann Arbor, MI. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, Braunwald E, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 8th ed. St. Louis, Mo; WB Saunders; 2007.

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