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Alcalosis - Overview

Definición:

Es una afección provocada por el exceso de base (álcali) en los líquidos del cuerpo. La alcalosis es lo opuesto al exceso de ácido (acidosis) y se puede originar por diferentes causas.

Causas:

Los pulmones y los riñones regulan el equilibrio apropiado de químicos, llamados ácidos y bases, en el cuerpo. La disminución en el nivel de dióxido de carbono (un ácido) o el aumento del nivel de bicarbonato (una base) hacen que el cuerpo esté demasiado alcalino, una afección llamada alcalosis.

La alcalosis respiratoria es ocasionada por los niveles bajos de dióxido de carbono en la sangre, lo cual puede deberse a:

  • Fiebre
  • Estar a grandes alturas
  • Falta de oxígeno
  • Enfermedad hepática
  • Enfermedad pulmonar, que lo lleva a uno a respirar más rápido ( hiperventilarse)
  • Intoxicación con salicilatos

La alcalosis metabólica es ocasionada por demasiado bicarbonato en la sangre.

La alcalosis hipoclorémica es causada por una carencia extrema o pérdida de cloruro, que puede ocurrir con el vómito prolongado.

La alcalosis hipocaliémica es ocasionada por la respuesta del riñón a una carencia extrema o pérdida de potasio, lo cual puede ocurrir con personas que toman ciertos diuréticos.

La alcalosis compensada se presenta cuando el cuerpo retorna el equilibrio ácido/básico a lo normal en casos de alcalosis, pero los niveles de bicarbonato y dióxido de carbono permanecen anormales.

  • Reviewed last on: 11/15/2009
  • David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Seifter JL. Acid-base disorders. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 119.

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