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Dolor anterior de rodilla - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Rodilla de atleta; Dolor femororrotuliano; Tendinitis rotuliana; Tendinitis de la rótula; Rodilla de saltador

Definición:

Es un dolor que se presenta en la parte frontal y central de la rodilla.

Consideraciones generales:

La rótula reposa sobre la parte frontal de la articulación de la rodilla. A medida que usted dobla o estira la rodilla, la parte inferior de la rótula se desliza sobre los huesos que constituyen dicha rodilla.

Los fuertes tendones ayudan a fijar la rótula a los huesos y músculos que rodean la rodilla. Estos tendones se denominan:

  • El tendón rotuliano (donde la rótula se fija a la tibia)
  • El tendón del cuádriceps (donde los músculos del muslo se fijan a la parte superior de la rótula)

El dolor anterior de rodilla se refiere a muchas afecciones diferentes, incluyendo la rodilla de corredor (algunas veces llamada tendinitis rotuliana) y condromalacia rotuliana.

El dolor anterior de rodilla es más común en:

  • Adolescentes y adultos jóvenes sanos, sobre todo las niñas
  • Personas con sobrepeso
  • Atletas, saltadores, esquiadores, ciclistas y futbolistas que se ejercitan con frecuencia

Causas:

El dolor a menudo proviene de tendones tensionados (tendinitis) e irritación o reblandecimiento del cartílago que recubre por debajo de la rótula (condromalacia rotuliana).Estos problemas comienzan cuando la rótula no se desplaza apropiadamente y se roza contra la parte inferior del fémur. Esto puede suceder debido a que:
  • Usted tiene pie plano
  • La rótula y los otros dos huesos que componen la articulación de la rodilla no se alinean bien (esto se denomina alineamiento deficiente de la articulación femororrotuliana)
  • Hay rigidez o debilidad de los músculos en la parte del frente y de atrás del muslo
  • Usted ha realizado demasiada actividad, lo cual agrega tensión extra sobre la rótula (como correr, saltar o girar, practicar esquí y jugar fútbol)
Otra causa posible del dolor anterior de rodilla puede ser:
  • Artritis
  • Lesión al cartílago
  • Dislocación de la rótula, lo cual significa que ésta se ha salido de su lugar
  • Fractura de la rótula
  • Pinzamiento del revestimiento interno de la rodilla con el movimiento de la misma (atrapamiento sinovial o síndrome del pliegue sinovial)
  • Reviewed last on: 6/13/2010
  • Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington, School of Medicine; and C. Benjamin Ma, Assistant Professor, Chief, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, UCSF Department of Orthopaedic Surgery. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

De Carlo M, Armstrong B. Rehabilitation of the knee following sports injury. Clin Sports Med. 2010;29:81-106.

Dixit S, DiFiori JP, Burton M, Mines B. Management of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75:194-202.

May TJ. Persistent anterior knee pain. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76:277-278.

Steiner T, Parker RD. Patella: subluxation and dislocation: 2. Patellofemoral instability: recurrent dislocation of the patella. In: DeLee JC, Drez D Jr., Miller MD, eds. DeLee and Drez's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2009:chap 22:sect C.

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