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Espondilolistesis - Overview

Definición:

Es una afección en la cual un hueso (vértebra) en la parte inferior de la columna se sale de su posición apropiada sobre el hueso que está por debajo.

Causas, incidencia y factores de riesgo:

En los niños, la espondilolistesis generalmente ocurre entre el quinto hueso en la región lumbar (vértebra lumbar) y el primer hueso en el área sacra (pelvis). A menudo se debe a una anomalía congénita en esa área de la columna o a una lesión repentina (traumatismo agudo).

En los adultos, la causa más común es una enfermedad degenerativa, como la artritis. El deslizamiento o luxación generalmente se presenta entre la cuarta y la quinta vértebras lumbares.

Otras causas de la espondilolistesis abarcan enfermedades óseas, fracturas traumáticas y fracturas por sobrecarga, que comúnmente se ven en los gimnastas. Ciertas actividades deportivas, como la gimnasia, el levantamiento de pesas y el fútbol americano ponen mucha tensión sobre los huesos en la región lumbar. Estas actividades también requieren que el atleta constantemente estire (extienda) demasiado la columna vertebral, lo cual puede llevar a una fractura por sobrecarga en uno o ambos lados de la vértebra. Este tipo de fractura puede provocar que una vértebra se debilite y se desplace de su lugar.

  • Reviewed last on: 7/28/2010
  • Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington, School of Medicine; C. Benjamin Ma, MD, Assistant Professor, Chief, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, UCSF Department of Orthopaedic Surgery. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Spiegel DA, Hosalkar HS, Dormans JP. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 678.

Rosenbaum RB, Ciaverella DP. Disorders of bones, joints, ligaments, and meninges. In: Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, eds. Neurology in Clinical Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2008:chap 77.

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