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Trastorno fonológico - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Trastorno de la articulación; Trastorno del desarrollo de la articulación; Distorsión del habla; Distorsión de sonidos

Definición:

Es un tipo de trastorno del habla conocido como trastorno de la articulación.

Los niños con trastorno fonológico no utilizan ninguno o utilizan sólo algunos de los sonidos del habla que se esperan para su grupo de edad.

Causas, incidencia y factores de riesgo:

Este trastorno es más común en los varones. Aproximadamente el 3% de niños en edad preescolar y el 2% de niños de 6 a 7 años sufren de este trastorno.

A menudo, se desconoce la causa del trastorno fonológico en niños. Los parientes cercanos pueden haber tenido problemas del lenguaje y del habla. Otros factores de riesgo pueden ser la pobreza y el hecho de pertenecer a una familia numerosa.

Los trastornos fonológicos también pueden ser causados por:

  • Problemas o cambios en la estructura o forma de los músculos y huesos que se usan para producir los sonidos del habla. Estos cambios pueden abarcar paladar hendido y problemas con los dientes.
  • El daño a las partes del cerebro o los nervios que controlan la forma como los músculos y otras estructuras trabajan para crear el habla (como a raíz de una parálisis cerebral).
  • Reviewed last on: 5/13/2010
  • Benjamin W. Van Voorhees, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Psychiatry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Friedman O, Wang TD, Milczuk. Cleft lip and palate. In: Flint PW, Haughey BH, Lund VJ, et al, eds. Cummings Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2010: chap 186.

Sharp HM, Hillenbrand K. Speech and language development and disorders in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2008;55:1159-1173.

Simms MD. Language disorders in children: classification and clinical syndromes. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2007;54:437-467.

Lyon GR, Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA. Specific language and learning disabilities. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 32.

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