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Bebé prematuro - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Prematuro; Bebé pretérmino; Bebé antes de término

Definición:

Es un bebé que nace antes de la trigésima séptima semana de gestación.

Causas, incidencia y factores de riesgo:

Al nacer, un bebé se clasifica como:

  • Prematuro (de menos de 37 semanas de gestación)
  • A término (de 37 a 42 semanas de gestación)
  • Postérmino o posmaduro (nacido después de 42 semanas de gestación)

Si una mujer entra en trabajo de parto antes de las 37 semanas, se denomina contracciones prematuras y, con frecuencia, su causa se desconoce. Los embarazos múltiples (gemelos, trillizos, etc.) conforman alrededor del 15% de todos los nacimientos prematuros.

Los episodios y afecciones de la madre pueden contribuir a las contracciones prematuras. Los ejemplos son:

  • Diabetes
  • Cardiopatía
  • Infección (como una infección urinaria o de la membrana amniótica)
  • Nefropatía

Diferentes problemas relacionados con el embarazo incrementan el riesgo de contracciones prematuras:

  • Un cuello uterino "insuficiente" o debilitado, llamado insuficiencia cervicouterina
  • Anomalías congénitas del útero
  • Antecedentes de parto prematuro
  • Mala nutrición poco antes o durante el embarazo
  • Preeclampsia: desarrollo de hipertensión arterial y presencia de proteína en la orina después de la semana 20 del embarazo
  • Ruptura prematura de membranas (placenta previa)

Otros factores que provocan que las contracciones prematuras y un parto prematuro sean más probables abarcan:

  • Raza afroamericana (no relacionada con el nivel socioeconómico)
  • Edad (menores de 16 y mayores de 35)
  • Falta de cuidados prenatales
  • Nivel socioeconómico bajo
  • Consumo de tabaco, cocaína o anfetaminas
  • Reviewed last on: 1/8/2010
  • Kimberly G. Lee, MD, MSC, IBCLC, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. Review Provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
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