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Traqueotomía - Overview

Definición:

Es un procedimiento quirúrgico para crear una abertura a través del cuello dentro de la tráquea. Generalmente, se coloca un tubo o cánula a través de esta abertura para suministrar una vía aérea y retirar secreciones de los pulmones. Este tubo se llama cánula de traqueotomía o tubo traqueal.

Descripción:

Se utiliza anestesia general, a menos que la situación sea crítica. En ese caso, se inyecta anestesia local dentro del área para reducir la molestia causada por el procedimiento.

Se limpia y cubre el cuello con vendas de cirugía; luego se hacen unas incisiones quirúrgicas para exponer los anillos cartilaginosos duros que conforman la pared externa de la tráquea. Posteriormente, el cirujano crea una abertura dentro de la tráquea e inserta la cánula de traqueotomía.

Por qué se realiza el procedimiento:

Una traqueotomía se puede realizar si usted:

  • Tiene un cuerpo extraño grande que obstruye las vías aéreas.
  • Tiene una incapacidad para respirar por sí solo.
  • Tiene una anomalía hereditaria de la laringe o la tráquea.
  • Ha inhalado material dañino como humo, vapor u otros gases tóxicos que hinchan y bloquean las vías respiratorias.
  • Tiene cáncer del cuello, que puede afectar la respiración al ejercer presión sobre la vía respiratoria.
  • Presenta parálisis de los músculos que afectan la deglución.
  • Tiene lesiones graves en el cuello o la boca
  • Cirugía alrededor de la laringe que impide la respiración y deglución normales.
  • Reviewed last on: 1/5/2011
  • Jacob L. Heller, MD, MHA, Emergency Medicine, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Goldenberg D, Bhatti N. Management of the impaired airway in the adult. In: Cummings CW, Flint PW, Haughey BH, et al, eds. Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2005:chap 106.

Neacy KA. Tracheostomy care. In: Roberts JR, Hedges JR, eds. Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2009:chap 7.

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