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Trasplante de córnea - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Queratoplastia; Queratoplastia penetrante

Definición:

La córnea es la capa transparente en la parte frontal del ojo. Un transplante de córnea es la cirugía para reemplazar la córnea con el tejido de un donante y es uno de los trasplantes más comunes que se realizan.

Descripción:

Usted probablemente estará despierto durante el trasplante. La anestesia local (medicamento insensibilizador) se le inyectará alrededor del ojo para bloquear el dolor e impedir temporalmente el movimiento de los músculos oculares. Usted puede igualmente recibir un sedante para ayudarlo a relajarse.

El tejido para el transplante de córnea provendrá de una persona (donante) que haya muerto recientemente y que previamente haya estado de acuerdo en donar su tejido. La córnea donada se procesa y se analiza en un banco local de ojos para verificar que su uso sea seguro en la cirugía.

El tipo más común de transplante de córnea se denomina “queratoplastia penetrante”. Durante este procedimiento, el cirujano extirpará un pequeño pedazo redondo de la córnea. Luego, suturará la córnea donada sobre la abertura del ojo.

Para algunos pacientes, se pueden emplear técnicas más nuevas, durante las cuales sólo se reemplazan las capas internas y externas, en lugar de todas las capas.

Por qué se realiza el procedimiento:

El transplante de córnea se recomienda para personas que tengan:

  • Problemas de visión causados por el adelgazamiento de la córnea, generalmente debido a queratocono.
  • Cicatrización de la córnea a causa de infecciones o lesiones severas.
  • Pérdida de la visión causada por opacidad de la córnea, generalmente debido a distrofia de Fuchs.
  • Reviewed last on: 7/28/2010
  • Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington, School of Medicine; Franklin W. Lusby, MD, Ophthalmologist, Lusby Vision Institute, La Jolla, California. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Blackmon S, Semchyshyn T, Kim T. Penetrating and lamellar keratoplasty. In: Tasman W, Jaeger EA, eds. Duane’s Ophthalmology. 15th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009:chap 26.

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