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Atrofia muscular - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Desgaste muscular; Desgaste o emaciación; Atrofia de los músculos

Definición:

Es el desgaste o pérdida del tejido muscular.

Consideraciones generales:

Existen dos tipos de atrofia muscular.

La atrofia por desuso ocurre por falta de ejercicio físico. En la mayoría de las personas, la atrofia muscular es causada por no utilizar los músculos lo suficiente. Las personas que tienen trabajos sedentarios, que padecen afecciones que limitan el movimiento o que tienen una disminución en los niveles de actividad pueden perder tono muscular y sufrir atrofia. Este tipo de atrofia se puede contrarrestar con el ejercicio vigoroso o una mejor nutrición.

Las personas que están postradas en una cama pueden experimentar un desgaste muscular significativo. Los astronautas, que están lejos de la gravedad de la tierra, pueden desarrollar una disminución del tono muscular y descalcificación ósea tan sólo pocos días después de la ingravidez.

El tipo más grave de atrofia muscular es la neurógena, que ocurre cuando hay una lesión o enfermedad de un nervio que conecta al músculo. Este tipo de atrofia muscular tiende a ocurrir más repentinamente que la atrofia por desuso.

Ejemplos de enfermedades que afectan los nervios que controlan los músculos:

Aunque las personas se pueden adaptar a cierto grado de atrofia muscular, incluso la atrofia muscular menor generalmente ocasiona algo de pérdida de movilidad o de fuerza.

Causas comunes:

Algo de atrofia muscular se presenta normalmente con el envejecimiento. Otras causas pueden abarcar:

  • Reviewed last on: 2/6/2010
  • David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Luc Jasmin, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, and Department of Anatomy at UCSF, San Francisco, CA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Barohn RJ. Muscle Diseases. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chap 447.

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