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Deterioro del lenguaje (adultos) - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Afasia; Disartria; Deterioro del lenguaje; Deterioro del habla; Incapacidad para hablar; Mala pronunciación

Definición:

El deterioro del lenguaje puede hacer referencia a cualquiera de algunos problemas del lenguaje, particularmente los siguientes:

  • La afasia es un problema con la expresión o comprensión del lenguaje escrito o hablado.
  • La disartria es la pronunciación difícil y deficiente del lenguaje, como sucede en los casos de mala pronunciación.

En ocasiones, la disartria se confunde con la afasia. Es importante establecer la diferencia entre la dificultad en la pronunciación de las palabras y un problema con la producción del lenguaje, ya que son problemas con causas diferentes.

Consideraciones generales:

DISARTRIA

Por lo general, la disartria, en la cual una persona tiene dificultad para expresar ciertos sonidos o palabras, se manifiesta en la conversación diaria.

AFASIA

La afasia es la pérdida de las habilidades comunicativas previamente aprendidas y comúnmente se presenta después de accidentes cerebrovasculares o en personas con tumores cerebrales o enfermedades degenerativas que afectan las áreas del lenguaje en el cerebro. Este término no se aplica para los niños que nunca han desarrollado las habilidades de comunicación.

En algunos casos de afasia, el problema finalmente se corrige por sí mismo, pero en otros la afección es irreversible.

Causas comunes:

DISARTRIA

AFASIA

  • Mal de Alzheimer
  • Tumor cerebral (más común en afasia que en disartria)
  • Demencias
  • Traumatismo craneal
  • Accidente cerebrovascular
  • Accidente isquémico transitorio (AIT)
  • Reviewed last on: 4/23/2008
  • Luc Jasmin, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology and Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Swanberg MM, Nasreddine ZS, Mendez MF, Cummings JL. Speech and language. In: Goetz CG, ed. Textbook of Clinical Neurology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 6.

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