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Osteonecrosis - Overview

Nombres alternativos

Necrosis avascular; Osteonecrosis; Necrosis ósea isquémica; AVN; Necrosis aséptica

Definición:

Es la muerte del hueso causada por un riego sanguíneo insuficiente al área. Es más común en la cadera y el hombro, pero puede afectar otras articulaciones grandes, como la rodilla, el codo, la muñeca y el tobillo.

Causas:

La osteonecrosis ocurre cuando parte del hueso no recibe sangre y muere. Después de un tiempo, el hueso puede colapsar. Si esta afección no recibe tratamiento, la articulación se deteriorará y esto se convertirá en artritis grave.

La osteonecrosis puede ser causada por una enfermedad o un traumatismo grave, como una fractura o dislocación, que afecta el riego sanguíneo al hueso. Muchas veces, no se presenta ningún traumatismo ni enfermedad. Esto se denomina “osteonecrosis idiopática”, lo cual significa que ocurre sin una causa conocida.

Lo siguiente puede causar osteonecrosis:

Algunas enfermedades que pueden estar asociadas con el desarrollo de esta afección abarcan:

Cuando la osteonecrosis ocurre en la articulación del hombro, generalmente se debe a un tratamiento prolongado con esteroides o a antecedentes de traumatismo en esa parte.

La enfermedad de Legg-Calvé-Perthes es una afección similar que se observa en niños y adolescentes.

  • Reviewed last on: 6/4/2011
  • Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington, School of Medicine; C. Benjamin Ma, MD, Assistant Professor, Chief, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, UCSF Department of Orthopaedic Surgery. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Chang C, Greenspan A, Gershwin ME. Osteonecrosis. In: Firestein GS, Budd RC, Harris ED Jr, et al, eds. Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2008:chap 94.

Shah A, Busconi B. Hip, pelvis, and thigh: Hip and pelvis. In: DeLee JC, Drez D Jr, Miller MD, eds. DeLee and Drez’s Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:chap 21, section A.

Williams MD, Edwards TB, Shoulder: Glenohumeral Arthritis in the Athlete. In: DeLee JC, Drez D Jr, Miller MD, eds. DeLee and Drez’s Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:chap 17, section L.

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