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Hipoglucemia neonatal - Overview

Definición:

Es la presencia de un nivel bajo de azúcar (glucosa) en la sangre en los primeros días después del nacimiento.

Causas, incidencia y factores de riesgo:

Los bebés necesitan azúcar (glucosa) para obtener energía. La mayor parte de esa glucosa es empleada por el cerebro.

El bebé en desarrollo recibe la glucosa de la madre a través de la placenta. Después del nacimiento, el bebé obtiene la glucosa produciéndola en el hígado y del alimento.

Los niveles de glucosa pueden bajar si:

  • Hay demasiada insulina (hiperinsulinismo) en la sangre. La insulina es una hormona que extrae la glucosa de la sangre hacia las células con el fin de usarla para obtener energía.
  • No hay suficiente glucógeno, la forma en la cual se almacena la glucosa en el cuerpo.
  • El bebé no está produciendo suficiente glucosa.
  • El cuerpo del bebé está usando más glucosa de la que se está produciendo.

La hipoglucemia neonatal ocurre cuando el nivel de glucosa del recién nacido está por debajo del nivel considerado aceptable para el bebé.

La hipoglucemia es el problema metabólico más común en los recién nacidos y ocurre aproximadamente en 1 a 3 de cada 1,000 nacimientos.

Los bebés con los siguientes factores de riesgo están en alto riesgo de padecer hipoglucemia neonatal:

  • Reviewed last on: 12/11/2009
  • Kimberly G. Lee, MD, MSc, IBCLC, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Referencias

Stanley CA, Baker L. The causes of neonatal hypoglycemia. N Engl J Med. 1999 Apr 15;340(15):1200-1.

Cornblath M, Hawdon JM, Williams AF, Aynsley-Green A, Ward-Platt MP, Schwartz R, Kalhan SC. Controversies regarding definition of neonatal hypoglycemia: suggested operational thresholds. Pediatrics. 2000;105:1141-1145.

Still BJ, Kliegman RM. The endocrine system. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 17th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2004:chap 96.

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