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Para realizar una colostomía es necesario hacer una incisión en el abdomen (estoma) para el drenaje de la materia fecal (heces) del intestino grueso (colon). Las colostomías se llevan a cabo frecuentemente después de la resección del colon enfermo.
Las colostomías pueden ser temporales o permanentes. Se hace una incisión en el abdomen y se extirpa el colon enfermo, mientras el paciente se encuentra profundamente dormido y sin sentir dolor (bajo anestesia general).

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