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En algunos casos, el cancer es demasiado grande como para ser extraído por tumorectomía. En estos casos, es necesario extirpar la mama junto con los ganglios linfáticos de la axila que drenan el seno. Este procedimiento es llamado mastectomía radical modificada (MRM). Los resultados de la mastectomía en el cáncer de mama dependen de la fase del cáncer, del tamaño del tumor, y de si el cáncer se ha expandido a los nódulos linfáticos.
Por lo general, cuando los pacientes tienen un cáncer que afecta los ganglios linfáticos, se les administra quimioterapia después de la cirugía.

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