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La exploración quirúrgica del abdomen o laparotomía exploratoria se recomienda para diagnosticar una enfermedad abdominal no precisable por otros métodos o cuando hay una lesión en el abdomen causada por una herida con arma de fuego o cortante, lo cual es conocido como "trauma contundente". Entre las enfermedades que pueden diagnosticarse con mayor precisión por medio de la laparotomía exploratoria se encuentran las siguientes:

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