Men's Health

The clinical conditions of the prostate gland that are not cancer include infections, inflammations, or an enlarged prostate. These conditions are quite common and may happen to men of all ages. They include:

• prostatism - any condition of the prostate that causes interference with the flow of urine from the bladder.

• prostatitis - an inflamed condition of the prostate gland that may be accompanied by discomfort, pain, frequent urination, infrequent urination, and sometimes fever.

• benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) - an enlargement of the prostate -- the most common prostate disorder. It can cause discomfort and problems urinating. BPH can raise PSA (prostate-specific antigen) levels two to three times higher than the normal level. Although the PSA level does not tell whether you have cancer, the higher the PSA level, the higher your chance of having cancer.

• impotence - the inability to have or keep an erection.

• urinary incontinence - the loss of bladder control.

Procedures used to evaluate prostate problems:

In addition to an annual physical examination that includes blood, urine, and possibly other laboratory tests, the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society suggest talking with your physician about these recommendations for the evaluation of the prostate gland:

• DRE (digital rectal examination) - annually for men over the age of 50. In a digital rectal examination, the physician feels the prostate through the wall of the rectum. Hard or lumpy areas may indicate that cancer is present.

• PSA (prostate-specific antigen) testing - annually for men over the age of 50. The PSA test measures a substance called prostate-specific antigen made by the prostate. It is normal to find small quantities of PSA in the blood. PSA levels differ according to age and tend to rise gradually in men over age 60. PSA may become elevated due to infection (prostatitis), enlargement of the prostate, or cancer. Consult your physician to determine what is considered an elevated PSA level for your age.

Men in high-risk groups, such as African-Americans, or those with a strong family history of prostate cancer, should talk with their physicians about being tested at a younger age.

Additional diagnostic tests for prostate cancer:

Based on results of the physical examination and laboratory tests, your physician may order additional diagnostic tests, including:

• transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) - this test uses sound wave echoes to create an image of an organ or gland so that physicians or technologists can visually inspect it for abnormal conditions, such as gland enlargement, nodules, penetration of tumor through capsule of the gland, and/or invasion of seminal vesicles. This procedure is also extremely useful for guidance of needle biopsies of the prostate gland and guiding the nitrogen probes in cryosurgery.

• other imaging techniques, such as computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or intravenous pyelogram.

• cystoscopy - a procedure in which a physician looks into the urethra and bladder through a thin, lighted tube.

• biopsy - the removal of a small tissue sample for microscopic examination. In a traditional biopsy, a large hollow needle removes a core or plug of the tissue. In a fine needle aspiration, the tissue is aspirated, or sucked out, of the suspected area.