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• Highlights
• Introduction
• Nicotine Addiction
• Health Risks
• Quitting Smoking
• Symptoms of Withdrawal
• Failure to Quit
• Lifestyle Changes
• Resources
• References

Smoking

Description

An in-depth report on the health risks of smoking and how to quit.

References

Oncken C, Gonzales D, Nides M, Rennard S, Watsky E, Billing CB, Anziano R, Reeves K. Efficacy and safety of the novel selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, varenicline, for smoking cessation. Arch Intern Med . 2006 Aug 14-28;166(15):1571-7.

Nides M, Oncken C, Gonzales D, et al. Smoking cessation with varenicline, a selective alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist: results from a 7-week, randomized, placebo- and bupropion-controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Arch Intern Med . 2006 Aug 14-28;166(15):1561-8.

Hendricks P, Ditre J, Drobes D, Brandon T. The early time course of smoking withdrawal effects. Psychopharmacology . 2006;187(3): 385-396.

Tonnesen P, Mikkelsen K, Bremann L. Nurse-conducted smoking cessation in patients with COPD using nicotine sublingual tablets and behavioral support. Chest . 2006 Aug;130(2):334-42.

Chaudhuri R, Livingston E, McMahon AD, et al. Effects of smoking cessation on lung function and airway inflammation in smokers with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 2006 Jul 15;174(2):127-33.

Teo KK, Ounpuu S, Hawken S, et al. Tobacco use and risk of myocardial infarction in 52 countries in the INTERHEART study: a case-control study. Lancet . 2006 Aug 19;368(9536):647-58.

Linn-Rasker SP, van der Helm-van Mil AHM, van Gaalen FA, et al. Smoking is a risk factor for anti-CCP antibodies only in rheumatoid arthritis patients who carry HLA-DRB1 shared epitope alleles. Ann Rheum Dis . 2006;65:366-371.

Houston TK, Person SD, Pletcher MJ, Liu K, Iribarren C, Kiefe CI. Active and passive smoking and development of glucose intolerance among young adults in a prospective cohort: CARDIA study. BMJ . 2006 May 6;332(7549):1064-9.

Alati R, Al Mamun A, O'Callaghan M, Najman JM, Williams GM. In utero and postnatal maternal smoking and asthma in adolescence. Epidemiology . 2006 Mar;17(2):138-44.

Eisenberg D, Quinn BC. Estimating the effect of smoking cessation on weight gain: an instrumental variable approach. Health Services Research . 2006 July 6; (early online version).

Health , United States , 2005, with Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans . Hyattsville, Md. National Center for Health Statistics; 2005.

Breslau N., Novak SP, Kessler RC. Psychiatric disorders and stages of smoking. Biological Psychiatry. 55(1):69-76, 2004.

Dobson R. Smoking may increase abdominal obesity. BMJ . 2005 Sep 17;331(7517):596.

Wagena EJ, Knipschild P, Zeegers MP. Should nortriptyline be used as a first-line aid to help smokers quit? Results from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction . 2005;100:317-326.

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses—United States, 1997-2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54:625-628.

Li YF, Langholz B, Salam MT, Gilliland FD. Maternal and grandmaternal smoking patterns are associated with early childhood asthma. Chest . 2005 Apr;127(4):1232-41.

Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. JAMA. 2004;291:1238-1245.

The Health Consequences Of Smoking: A Report Of The Surgeon General . Atlanta, GA: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2004.

• Review Date: 9/18/2006
• Reviewed By: Harvey Simon, MD, Editor-in-Chief, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital

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